Table 2.
Characteristics of adult participants (n 386) with at least one of four diet-related diseases, metropolitan Kansas City, USA, January 2015–July 2016
| Overall (n 386) |
Poor (n 53) |
Possibly poor (n 232) |
Good (n 101) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or instance frequency | sd or % | Mean or instance frequency | sd or % | Mean or instance frequency | sd or % | Mean or instance frequency | sd or % | P | |
| Demographic/anthropometric | |||||||||
| Age (years) | 54·5 | 14·8 | 58·3 | 13·2 | 56·0 | 14·6 | 49·2 | 14·7 | <0·001 |
| Sex (female/male) | 274/112 | 71/29 | 29/24 | 55/45 | 162/70 | 70/30 | 83/18 | 82/18 | 0·001 |
| Chronic disease diagnosis | |||||||||
| Diabetes | 110 | 29 | 22 | 42 | 64 | 28 | 24 | 24 | 0·06 |
| Hypertension | 216 | 56 | 37 | 70 | 136 | 59 | 43 | 43 | 0·002 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 172 | 45 | 27 | 51 | 106 | 46 | 39 | 39 | 0·30 |
| Overweight/obesity | 331 | 86 | 38 | 72 | 205 | 88 | 88 | 87 | 0·01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34·5 | 8·8 | 32·6 | 7·7 | 35·4 | 9·0 | 33·5 | 8·6 | 0·05 |
| Education level | <0·001 | ||||||||
| High school/GED or less | 53 | 14 | 32 | 65 | 18 | 8 | 3 | 3 | |
| Some college or associate degree | 139 | 37 | 12 | 25 | 97 | 42 | 30 | 30 | |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 187 | 49 | 5 | 10 | 116 | 50 | 66 | 67 | |
| Race | <0·001 | ||||||||
| Caucasian | 233 | 60 | 17 | 32 | 132 | 57 | 84 | 83 | |
| African American | 131 | 34 | 29 | 55 | 89 | 38 | 13 | 13 | |
| Other/undisclosed | 22 | 6 | 7 | 13 | 11 | 5 | 4 | 4 | |
| Ethnicity | <0·001 | ||||||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 36 | 10 | 9 | 21 | 23 | 11 | 4 | 4 | |
| Non-Hispanic | 297 | 83 | 23 | 55 | 182 | 84 | 92 | 93 | |
| Other/undisclosed | 24 | 7 | 10 | 24 | 11 | 5 | 3 | 3 | |
| Annual household income ($US) | <0·001 | ||||||||
| <25 000 | 90 | 24 | 28 | 60 | 49 | 21 | 13 | 13 | |
| 25 000–49 999 | 110 | 29 | 10 | 21 | 80 | 35 | 20 | 20 | |
| 50 000–99 999 | 123 | 33 | 7 | 15 | 71 | 31 | 45 | 46 | |
| ≥100 000 | 51 | 14 | 2 | 4 | 29 | 13 | 20 | 20 | |
| Nutrition literacy† | |||||||||
| Global | 52·2 | 8·2 | 36·0 | 8·4 | 52·8 | 3·4 | 59·4 | 1·4 | <0·001 |
| Nutrition & Health | 8·6 | 1·4 | 6·6 | 1·7 | 8·7 | 1·1 | 9·7 | 0·6 | <0·001 |
| Energy Sources in Food | 8·3 | 2·0 | 4·8 | 1·8 | 8·4 | 1·5 | 9·7 | 0·6 | <0·001 |
| Household Food Measurement | 6·5 | 1·6 | 5·2 | 1·5 | 6·3 | 1·5 | 7·6 | 0·9 | <0·001 |
| Food Label & Numeracy | 7·2 | 2·1 | 3·5 | 2·2 | 7·4 | 1·5 | 8·5 | 0·6 | <0·001 |
| Food Groups | 14·1 | 2·5 | 10·2 | 4·7 | 14·4 | 1·2 | 15·5 | 0·8 | <0·001 |
| Consumer Skills | 7·6 | 1·5 | 5·6 | 1·7 | 7·7 | 1·2 | 8·5 | 0·7 | <0·001 |
| Dietary intake‡ | |||||||||
| Energy (kJ) | 7782 | 4686 | 9456 | 6945 | 7531 | 4435 | 7406 | 3556 | 0·02 |
| Energy (kcal) | 1860 | 1120 | 2260 | 1660 | 1800 | 1060 | 1770 | 850 | 0·02 |
| Fat (g) | 74 | 50 | 88 | 85 | 71 | 43 | 73 | 38 | 0·08 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 228 | 149 | 281 | 191 | 227 | 152 | 203 | 105 | 0·01 |
| Fibre (g) | 16·6 | 9·8 | 16·0 | 9·3 | 17·0 | 9·5 | 18·2 | 12·3 | 0·32 |
| Protein (g) | 70 | 49 | 85 | 82 | 67 | 42 | 69 | 36 | 0·04 |
| Diet pattern adherence‡,§ | |||||||||
| PCovR Prudent pattern score | 0·0 | 1·0 | −1·0 | 1·3 | 0·0 | 0·8 | 0·5 | 0·9 | <0·001 |
| PCA Western pattern score | 0·0 | 1·0 | 0·4 | 1·5 | −0·1 | 0·9 | −0·1 | 0·9 | 0·002 |
| PCA Mediterranean pattern score | 0·0 | 1·0 | −0·2 | 1·0 | 0·0 | 1·0 | 0·1 | 1·0 | 0·02 |
GED, General Educational Development; PCovR, principal covariates regression; PCA, principal components analysis.
Continuous variables assessed by ANOVA. Categorical variables assessed by the χ 2 test. Significance set at P < 0·05.
†
Measured by the Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument.
‡
Measured by the Diet History Questionnaire II.
§
Values of adherence are linear combination of diet pattern food loadings and standardized intake. Adherence scores are relative to the specific diet pattern and have no unit of measurement.