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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Nov 4.
Published in final edited form as: Macromol Biosci. 2019 May 14;19(7):e1900082. doi: 10.1002/mabi.201900082

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Modes of action resulting in IRI (and in case of A/B ice shaping). A) Anchored clathrate water on the surface of an antifreeze protein (MpAFP_RIV). Adapted with permission.[53] Copyright 2011. National Academy of Sciences. B) Molecular dynamics results showing Spruce Budworm AFP with ordered water on AFP surface binding to the prism plane of ice. Reproduced with permission.[54] Copyright 2015, eLife Sciences Publications. C) Interruption of the bulk water/semi-ordered water interface. Reproduced with permission.[62] Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry. Note: QLL (quasi-liquid layer) is indicated in the reproduced figure, but the term semi-ordered layer is used here.