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. 2019 Nov 4;9:15922. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52177-7

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© The Author(s) 2019, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dominance hierarchies and social networks in a group of female carrion crows through time. (a) Change of dominance hierarchies as inferred by Elo-scores. The vertical grey rectangle indicates incidences of coalitionary aggression, in which C45 (red) and C59 (yellow) cooperatively attacked individual C58 (green). (b,c) Social networks of (b) aggressive and (c) affiliative interactions for each observation. The order and size of the nodes (circles) is proportional to individual dominance ranks. Edges (lines between individuals) represent interactions, with edges to the right of networks (blue) denoting higher-ranked individuals interacted with lower-ranked individuals, while edges on the left side of networks (in red) denote lower-ranked individuals interacted with higher-ranked individuals. Edge width reflects the number of interactions. Dominance hierarchies were visualised using the R⁵¹ package ggplot2⁵⁶, and social networks were created using the R package igraph⁶⁰.