Table 1.

Some examples of endocrine disrupting compounds and their range of effects in marine invertebrate species.

Compounds	Tested species	Effects	References
TBT, DBT	Mya arenaria	Lower progesterone levels, sexual maturation delay, “F”	(16)
TBT	Mya arenaria	Skewed sex ratio, vitellin reduction, oestradiol-17β production in gonad reduced “F”	(17)
TBT	Ruditapes decussata	Increase in testosterone, oestradiol decrease “F”	(18)
TBT	Haliotis madaka	Intersexuality, ovary spermatogenesis, “F” populations reduction	(14)
North Sea Oil (NSO)	Mytilus edulis	Ovarian follicle development, normal spermatogenesis	(19)
NSO + PAH + Alkylphenols	Mytilus edulis	Male gonadal melanomacrophage centers, degeneration ovary follicles	(19)
Bisphenol A	Mytilus edulis	Spawning induction for both sexes, ovocyte atresia	(20)
2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether	Mytilus edulis	Ovocyte atresia, male spawning induction	(20)
Diallyl phthalate	Mytilus edulis	Follicle and ovocyte reduction, male spawning induction	(20)
PAHs, TBT	Mytilus galloprovincialis	Intersexuality, oocite atresia “F”	(21)
Benzo(a)pyrene	Portunus trituberculatus	Reduced ovarian growth, testosterone, progesterone and 17βestradiol secretion reduction	(22)
Benzo(a)pyrene	Chlamys farreri	Reduced testosterone and 17βestradiol production, progesterone disruption in ovary, ovarian impairment, development delay	(23)
Bisphenol A, 17βestradiol	Mytilus galloprovincialis	Gene transcription	(24)
Testosterone	Brachionus calyciflorus	Increased swimming, fertilization rate and recognition ability in males	(25)
Progesterone, flutamide (non-steroidal anti-androgen)	Brachionus calyciflorus	Inhibited swimming speed, suppression of fertilization and reduced recognition ability in males	(25)
Dibutyl phthalate	Galeolaria caespitosa	Sperm dysfunction, impaired embryogenesis	(26)
Propylparaben	Tigriopus japonicus	Sex ratio alteration toward females	(27)

Most were laboratory studies, while those including field studies are indicated by the letter “F.” Bold letters, population reduction observed.