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. 2019 Nov 4;9:15908. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52205-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Forest plot of (a) primary outcome of the current meta-analysis, showing significant improvements in the overall severity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) after methylphenidate treatment compared to that in placebo groups (Hedges’ g = 0.878, 95% CI = 0.612 to 1.143, p < 0.001), and (b) secondary outcome of the current meta-analysis, indicating insignificant difference in safety profile between methylphenidate and placebo treatments as assessed by drop-out rate (odds ratio = 1.679, 95% CI = 0.681 to 4.138, p = 0.260) and rate of treatment discontinuation due to adverse events (odds ratio = 4.815, 95% CI = 0.981 to 23.628, p = 0.053).