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. 2019 Oct 29;6:156. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00156

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Copyright © 2019 Swaminathan, Krishnamurthy, Sridhar, Robson, Ning and Grande-Allen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Hypoxia induces expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) 2 and 9 in aged (>2 years) porcine aortic valve (AV) tissue. (A) Immunofluorescence staining showing expression of MMP9 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in fibrosa of both porcine AVs cultured in 13% O₂ and human diseased AV (sclerotic/calcific). Scale bar: 100 μm. Dotted white lines indicate the tissue boundary and arrows indicate expression of NGAL in sclerotic/calcific regions in human AV. (B) Immunohistochemistry analysis showing expression of HIF1α, MMPs 2 and 9 in fresh, normoxic (20% O₂) and hypoxic (13% O₂) porcine AVs cultured for 1 week. Scale bar: 200 μm. F, fibrosa; S, spongiosa; V, ventricularis.