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. 2019 Oct 29;6:156. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00156

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Copyright © 2019 Swaminathan, Krishnamurthy, Sridhar, Robson, Ning and Grande-Allen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Hypoxic aged (>2 years) porcine aortic valve (AV) and human diseased AV demonstrate ectopic elastic fiber expression in the fibrosa. (A,B) Movat histochemical staining in porcine AVs (fresh and cultured in 20 and 13% O₂ for 1 week) and human normal and diseased (sclerotic/calcified) AVs. Scale bar = 200 μm, 50 μm (top right), and 100 μm (lower right). (C) Immunofluorescence staining for elastin (green) on porcine AV cultured in 13% O₂ for 1 week and human diseased (sclerotic/calcified) AV. F, fibrosa; S, spongiosa; V, ventricularis. Arrows denote elastin expression. ^*indicate calcific nodule. Scale bar = 100 μm.