Table 3.
Comparison of secondary outcomes between treatment groups
| Secondary outcome measures | Treatment group | Crude mean difference (95% CI)* | Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)† | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stand alone VR | Blended VR | Usual care | Stand alone VR v usual care | Blended VR v usual care | Stand alone VR v usual care | Blended VR v usual care | |||
| Mean (SD) score | |||||||||
| DHI: | |||||||||
| Baseline | 34.8 (18.5) | 36.0 (21.9) | 35.8 (19.9) | - | - | - | - | ||
| 3 months | 24.4 (20.8) | 26.4 (20.6) | 29.2 (21.1) | −4.5 (−8.1 to −0.8) | −3.9 (−7.5 to −0.3) | −4.6 (−8.2 to −1.1) | −3.9 (−7.4 to −0.4) | ||
| 6 months | 21.5 (20.4) | 25.4 (21.6) | 27.6 (21.5) | −4.7 (−8.4 to −1.1) | −4.4 (−8.0 to −0.8) | −4.9 (−8.4 to −1.3) | −4.5 (−8.0 to −0.9) | ||
| GAD-7: | |||||||||
| Baseline | 3.7 (4.6) | 4.0 (4.3) | 4.5 (4.8) | - | - | - | - | ||
| 3 months | 3.1 (3.8) | 2.9 (3.4) | 4.5 (5.0) | −1.0 (−1.9 to −0.1) | −1.3 (−2.2 to −0.5) | −1.1 (−1.9 to −0.3) | −1.4 (−2.2 to −0.6) | ||
| 6 months | 2.6 (3.3) | 2.7 (3.5) | 4.2 (5.0) | −1.1 (−1.9 to −0.2) | −1.1 (−2.0 to −0.3) | −1.2 (−2.0 to −0.4) | −1.2 (−2.0 to −0.4) | ||
| PHQ-9: | |||||||||
| Baseline | 4.5 (4.7) | 5.4 (4.5) | 5.9 (5.4) | - | - | - | - | ||
| 3 months | 4.2 (4.2) | 4.3 (4.2) | 5.3 (5.0) | −0.3 (−1.3 to 0.6) | −0.9 (−1.8 to 0.0) | −0.5 (−1.4 to 0.4) | −0.9 (−1.8 to 0.0) | ||
| 6 months | 3.5 (4.3) | 4.0 (3.7) | 4.9 (5.1) | −0.5 (−1.4 to 0.5) | −0.8 (−1.7 to 0.2) | −0.6 (−1.5 to 0.3) | −0.8 (−1.7 to 0.1) | ||
| No (%) of patients reporting improvement | |||||||||
| Subjective improvement: | |||||||||
| 3 months | 49/91 (54) | 54/97 (56) | 39/107 (36) | 2.1 (1.2 to 3.6)*‡§ | 2.2 (1.2 to 3.8)*‡§ | 2.2 (1.2 to 4.1)†‡¶ | 2.1 (1.2 to 3.8)†‡¶ | ||
| 6 months | 46/87 (53) | 48/93 (52) | 43/110 (39) | ||||||
VR=vestibular rehabilitation; DHI=dizziness handicap inventory, range 0-100; GAD-7= generalised anxiety disorder assessment (GAD)-7 subscale, a measure for severity of anxiety symptoms, range 0-21; PHQ-9=patient health questionnaire-9, a measure for severity of depressive symptoms, range 0-27; subjective improvement = dichotomous evaluation of vestibular symptoms compared to baseline measurement: improved or not improved (ie, worse or the same).
All analyses reported in table were performed on an intention-to-treat basis, with participants analysed according to allocation.
Adjusted for baseline values and repeated measurements within participants.
Adjusted for baseline values, repeated measurements within participants, age, sex, level of education, living situation, number of chronic disease, time since vestibular diagnosis, and presence of a panic disorder, generalised anxiety disorder, or major depressive disorder at baseline.
Comparison of overall effect over six months follow-up.
Odds ratios (95% CI).
Adjusted odds ratios (95% CI).