Figure 1.

Essential overview of TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways. For simplicity, many details are omitted, and indirect connections are represented as single arrows. Transcription factors or DNA interacting proteins/kinases/other types of intracellular mediators, are represented as blue/orange/maroon boxes, respectively. SRF = Serum Response Factor; TCF = T Cell Factor; LEF = Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor; AP-1 = Activator Protein-1; ATF2 = Activating Transcription Factor 2; CREB = cAMP response element Binding Protein; NF-κB = nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ERK = Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase; JNK = c-Jun N-terminal kinase; TAB1/2 = TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 1/2; TAK1 = Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7.