ALK	anaplastic lymphoma kinase
ARID1A	AT rich interactive domain 1A (SWI-like)
ASK1	apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1
ATF4	activated transcription factor 4
ATO	arsenic trioxide
BAP1	BRCA-associated protein 1
BECs	biliary epithelial cells
BMDFs	bone marrow derived fibrocytes
BRAF	v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1;
CA199	carbohydrate antigen 19-9
CAFs	cancer-associated fibroblasts
CCA	cholangiocarcinoma
CDKN2A	cyclin dependent kinase 2a/p16
CDX2	caudal type homeobox 2
CEA	carcinoembryonic antigen
c-Met	tyrosine-protein kinase Met
CK-7	cytokeratin 7
CK-19	cytokeratin 19
CK-20	cytokeratin 20
CT	computed tomography
dCCA	distal cholangiocarcinoma
ECM	extracellular matrix
EGF	epidermal growth factor
EGFR	epidermal growth factor receptor
eIF2a	eukaryotic initiation factor-α
EML4	echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4
EMT	epithelial to mesenchymal transition
EMT-ATFs	EMT-activated transcription factors
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ERS	endoplasmic reticulum stress
FAP	Fibroblast activation protein
18FDG-PET	18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography
FHC	ferritin heavy chain
FSP1	fibroblast-specific protein 1
GEF	guanine nucleotide exchange factor
GNAS	guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein) alpha stimulating activity polypeptide 1
GPCRs	G protein-coupled receptors
GRP78	glucose-regulated protein 78
HB-EGF	heparin binding EGF like growth factor
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
HNF	hepatocyte nuclear factor
hOCT1	human organic cation transporter type 1
HPCs	hepatic progenitor cells
HSCs	hepatic stellate cells
iCCA	intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
IDH1	isocitrate dehydrogenase 1
IDH2	isocitrate dehydrogenase 2
IKK	inhibitor of NF-κB kinase
IL6	interleukin 6
ILR	interleukin receptor
JNK	c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase
KC	Kupffer cell
KMT2C	lysine methyltransferase 2C
KRAS	V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog
LPC	liver parenchymal cells
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAPKs	mitogen-activated protein kinases
MAP2Ks	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases
MAP3Ks	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases
MAP3K5	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 5
MEK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MEKK1	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1
MET	mesenchymal to epithelial transition
MKK3	MAP kinase 3
MKK4	MAP kinase 4
MKK6	MAP kinase 6
MKK7	MAP kinase 7
MLK3	mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11
MMPs	Matrix metalloproteinases
MnSOD	manganese-superoxide dismutase
MRI	magnetic resonance imaging
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
NF-κB	nuclear factor (NF)-κB
NLK	Nemo-like kinase
NRAS	neuroblastoma RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homolog
OLT	orthotopic liver transplantation
PBC	primary biliary cholangitis
PBRM1	polybromo 1
pCCA	perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
PDGF	platelet-derived growth factor
PDGF-D	platelet derived growth factor D
PDGFR	platelet-derived growth factor receptor
PDGFR-β	platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β
PEG3	paternally expressed 3
PTEN	phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten
PFS	progression-free survival
PFs	portal fibroblasts
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PIK3CA	phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic, alpha polypeptide
PL	piperlongumine
PSC	primary sclerosing cholangitis
RNF43	ring finger protein 43
ROBO2	roundabout guidance receptor 2
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RTKs	receptor tyrosine kinases
SG	sulfated galactans
SMAD4	sulfated galactans; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (Drosophila)
SOS	son of sevenless
α-SMA	α-smooth muscle actin
STAT3	signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
TACE	transcatheter arterial chemoembolization
TAK1	transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1
TAMs	tumor-associated macrophages
TNF	tumor necrosis factor
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor alpha
TNFR	tumor necrosis factor receptor
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β
TP53	Tumor protein p53
US	ultrasound
VEGF	vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGFR	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor