Table 2.
Heritability estimates and descriptive mean values for all DM and N-traits from the three experimental years. Heritability values were colored from low (red) to high (blue) values. See Supplementary Table 1 for a description of all traits and Supplementary Table 2 for ANOVA results and further descriptive measures. If not indicated, traits are unitless.
| Trait group | Trait | Heritability | Mean | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | ||
| DM traits (kg ha−1) | Total Ant | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.73 | 8,245 | 13,303 | 12,085 |
| Leaves Ant | 0.59 | 0.73 | 0.84 | 1,430 | 2,381 | 2,638 | |
| Culms Ant | 0.53 | 0.69 | 0.78 | 5,211 | 8,166 | 6,819 | |
| Spikes Ant | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.78 | 1,604 | 2,330 | 2,627 | |
| Total Mat | 0.52 | 0.77 | 0.85 | 12,544 | 18,005 | 18,948 | |
| Leaves Mat | 0.59 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 932 | 1,292 | 1,575 | |
| Culms Mat | 0.63 | 0.92 | 0.85 | 3,539 | 6,066 | 5,168 | |
| Chaff Mat | 0.39 | 0.86 | 0.85 | 1,386 | 2,102 | 2,297 | |
| Grain Mat (GY) | 0.60 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 6,687 | 8,380 | 9,908 | |
| N concentrationtraits (%) | NC leaves Ant | 0.49 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 2.72 | 3.00 | 3.51 |
| NC culms Ant | 0.58 | 0.90 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 1.04 | 1.17 | |
| NC spikes Ant | 0.66 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 1.70 | 1.75 | 1.91 | |
| NC leaves Mat | 0.87 | 0.96 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 1.20 | 0.80 | |
| NC culms Mat | 0.87 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.45 | |
| NC chaff Mat | 0.58 | 0.87 | 0.76 | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.58 | |
| NC grain Mat (GNC) | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 2.20 | 1.96 | 2.32 | |
| N uptake traits (kg ha−1) | Total Ant | 0.33 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 109 | 207 | 223 |
| Leaves Ant | 0.53 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 39 | 72 | 92 | |
| Culms Ant | 0.30 | 0.72 | 0.64 | 42 | 85 | 80 | |
| Spikes Ant | 0.55 | 0.68 | 0.90 | 27 | 41 | 50 | |
| Total Mat | 0.11 | 0.64 | 0.81 | 173 | 213 | 278 | |
| Leaves Mat | 0.58 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 9 | 15 | 13 | |
| Culms Mat | 0.42 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 10 | 21 | 23 | |
| Chaff Mat | 0.16 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 8 | 11 | 13 | |
| Straw Mat | 0.08 | 0.69 | 0.79 | 27 | 49 | 49 | |
| Grain Mat (GNup) | 0.34 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 147 | 164 | 229 | |
| Derived DM traits + yield components | DMTEff | 0.48 | 0.66 | 0.59 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 0.25 |
| PAA (kg ha–1) | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 4,302 | 4,693 | 6,864 | |
| DMT (kg ha–1) | 0.49 | 0.59 | 0.52 | 2,385 | 3,701 | 3,045 | |
| HI | 0.65 | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.52 | |
| TKW (g) | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 39 | 35 | 37 | |
| Spike density (m–2) | 0.77 | 0.82 | 0.95 | 326 | 524 | 657 | |
| GNS | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.96 | 54 | 46 | 41 | |
| CPAA | 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.69 | |
| NutEff_total | 0.67 | 0.78 | 0.77 | 73 | 85 | 68 | |
| NutEff_grain | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 39 | 39 | 36 | |
| NUE_total | 0.52 | 0.77 | 0.85 | 63 | 90 | 146 | |
| NUE_grain | 0.60 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 33 | 42 | 76 | |
| Derived N traits | NTEff | 0.70 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.78 |
| PANup (kg ha–1) | 0.49 | 0.75 | 0.23 | 65 | 5 | 56 | |
| NT (kg ha–1) | 0.55 | 0.62 | 0.42 | 82 | 159 | 173 | |
| NT leaves (kg ha–1) | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 30 | 56 | 80 | |
| NT culms (kg ha–1) | 0.45 | 0.80 | 0.50 | 32 | 64 | 57 | |
| NT spikes (kg ha–1) | 0.63 | 0.65 | 0.78 | 19 | 29 | 37 | |
| NHI | 0.66 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.82 | |
| CPNup | 0.60 | 0.72 | 0.16 | 0.37 | 0.02 | 0.20 | |
| Other traits | Plant height (m) | 0.87 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 0.61 | 0.93 | 0.65 |
| Days to anthesis (d) | – | – | – | 12.85 | 10.61 | 12.87 | |
Ant, anthesis; CPAA, contribution of post-anthesis assimilation to grain-filling; CPNup, contribution of post-anthesis nitrogen uptake to total nitrogen uptake; DM, dry matter; DMT, dry matter translocation; DMTEff, dry matter translocation efficiency; HI, harvest index; GNC, grain nitrogen concentration; GNS, grain number per spike; GNup, grain nitrogen uptake; GY, grain yield; Mat, maturity; N, nitrogen; NC, nitrogen concentration; NHI, nitrogen harvest index; NT, nitrogen translocation; NTEff, N translocation efficiency; NUE, N use efficiency; NutEff, N utilization efficiency; PAA, post-anthesis assimilation; PANup, post-anthesis nitrogen uptake; TKW, thousand kernel weight. Number of genotypes: 2015: n = 78; 2016: n = 78 and n = 34 for traits related to leaves, chaff/spikes and stems; 2017: n = 35.