Table 3.
Correlations (only p < 0.05; ***: p < 0.001; **: p < 0.01; *: p < 0.05) with target traits grain yield (GY), grain N concentration (GNC), and grain N uptake (Nup), by traits grouped as in Table 2. Bold numbers highlight correlations among the three target traits. Grey shades highlight correlations for traits potentially available already at anthesis. See Supplementary Table 1 for a description of all traits.
| Grain yield | Grain N concentration | Grain N uptake | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |
| Total DM Ant | 0.57 *** | 0.35 ** | 0.43 * | −0.23 * | 0.56 *** | 0.61 *** | |||
| DM leaves Ant | 0.56 *** | 0.51 ** | −0.27 * | 0.46 *** | 0.44 ** | 0.50 ** | |||
| DM culms Ant | 0.57 *** | 0.35 * | 0.4 * | 0.57 *** | 0.58 *** | ||||
| DM spikes Ant | 0.36 ** | 0.46 ** | 0.4 *** | 0.38 * | |||||
| Total DM Mat | 0.90 *** | 0.75 *** | 0.82 *** | −0.30 ** | 0.81 *** | 0.74 *** | 0.69 *** | ||
| DM leaves Mat | 0.62 *** | 0.42 * | 0.45 ** | −0.25 * | 0.53 *** | 0.54 *** | 0.66 *** | ||
| DM culms Mat | 0.65 *** | 0.56 *** | 0.64 *** | 0.45 ** | 0.55 *** | ||||
| DM chaff Mat | 0.37 *** | 0.35 * | 0.47 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.65 *** | ||||
| DM grain Mat (GY) | 1.00*** | 1.00*** | 1.00*** | −0.40 *** | −0.45 *** | −0.43 * | 0.86 *** | 0.66 *** | 0.64 *** |
| NC leaves Ant | 0.23 * | ||||||||
| NC culms Ant | |||||||||
| NC spikes Ant | 0.44 ** | ||||||||
| NC leaves Mat | −0.5 *** | −0.43 * | 0.29 * | −0.38 *** | −0.40 * | ||||
| NC culms Mat | −0.52 *** | 0.36 ** | 0.42 * | −0.36 ** | |||||
| NC chaff Mat | −0.29 * | 0.45 ** | 0.37 * | −0.25 * | 0.4 * | ||||
| NC grain Mat (GNC) | −0.40 *** | −0.45 *** | −0.43 * | 1.00*** | 1.00*** | 1.00*** | 0.28 * | 0.42 * | |
| Total Nup Ant | 0.60 *** | 0.31 ** | 0.34 * | 0.36 * | 0.59 *** | 0.64 *** | |||
| Nup leaves Ant | 0.55 *** | 0.43 * | 0.48 *** | 0.43 ** | |||||
| Nup culms Ant | 0.56 *** | 0.38 * | 0.59 *** | 0.57 *** | |||||
| Nup spikes Ant | 0.41 *** | 0.46 *** | 0.37 * | ||||||
| Total Nup Mat | 0.82 *** | 0.57 *** | 0.61 *** | 0.27 * | 0.40 * | 0.97 *** | 0.93 *** | 0.95 *** | |
| Nup leaves Mat | 0.37 * | 0.61 *** | |||||||
| Nup culms Mat | 0.23 * | 0.40 * | 0.23 * | 0.35 * | 0.48 ** | ||||
| Nup chaff Mat | 0.38 * | 0.39 * | 0.34 * | 0.50 ** | |||||
| Nup straw Mat | 0.39 * | 0.62 *** | |||||||
| Nup grain Mat (GNup) | 0.86 *** | 0.66 *** | 0.64 *** | 0.28 * | 0.42 * | 1.00*** | 1.00*** | 1.00*** | |
| DMTEff | −0.39 * | −0.28 * | |||||||
| PAA | 0.71 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.69 *** | −0.36 ** | −0.45 ** | 0.57 *** | 0.56 *** | ||
| DMT | −0.25 * | 0.23 * | |||||||
| HI | 0.56 *** | −0.42 *** | 0.24 * | −0.37 * | |||||
| TKW | 0.36 ** | 0.28 * | 0.43 *** | ||||||
| Spike density | 0.60 *** | 0.59 *** | 0.25 * | ||||||
| GNS | −0.26 * | −0.25 * | −0.26 * | ||||||
| CPAA | 0.23 * | 0.38 * | −0.37 * | 0.41 *** | |||||
| NutEff_total | 0.39 *** | 0.29 ** | 0.46 ** | −0.78 *** | −0.74 *** | −0.79 *** | −0.24 * | ||
| NutEff_grain | 0.53 *** | 0.59 *** | −0.92 *** | −0.81 *** | −0.92 *** | −0.48 ** | |||
| NTEff | 0.52 *** | 0.28 * | 0.44 *** | −0.36 * | |||||
| PANup | 0.34 ** | 0.34 * | 0.32 ** | 0.38 *** | 0.54 *** | 0.54 *** | 0.36 * | ||
| NT | 0.65 *** | 0.34 ** | −0.24 * | 0.34 * | 0.62 *** | 0.53 ** | |||
| NT leaves | 0.58 *** | 0.45 ** | −0.24 * | 0.50 *** | |||||
| NT culms | 0.44 *** | 0.36 * | 0.50 *** | ||||||
| NT spikes | 0.61 *** | 0.36 * | 0.61 *** | 0.43 ** | |||||
| NHI | 0.42 *** | 0.42 *** | 0.45 *** | 0.52 *** | |||||
| CPNup | 0.27 * | 0.38 *** | 0.52 *** | ||||||
| Plant height | |||||||||
| Days to anthesis | −0.28* | ||||||||
Ant, anthesis; CPAA, contribution of post-anthesis assimilation to grain-filling; CPNup, contribution of post-anthesis nitrogen uptake to total nitrogen uptake; DM, dry matter; DMT, dry matter translocation; DMTEff, dry matter translocation efficiency; HI, harvest index; GNC, grain nitrogen concentration; GNS, grain number per spike; GNup, grain nitrogen uptake; GY, grain yield; Mat, maturity; N, nitrogen; NC, nitrogen concentration; NHI, nitrogen harvest index; NT, nitrogen translocation; NTEff, N translocation efficiency; NUE, N use efficiency; NutEff, N utilization efficiency; PAA, post-anthesis assimilation; PANup, post-anthesis nitrogen uptake; TKW, thousand kernel weight. Numbers of included genotypes are as indicated in Table 2. See Supplementary Table 3 for correlations with grain protein deviation.