| HCC: | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| TGF-β: | Transforming growth factor beta |
| BMP: | bone morphogenetic protein |
| GDF: | growth and differentiation factor |
| R-Smad: | receptor-regulated Smad protein |
| Co-Smad: | common Smad |
| I-Smad: | inhibitory Smad |
| pSmad3L: | the linker-phosphorylated form of Smad3 |
| pSmad3C: | the C-terminus-phosphorylated form of Smad3 |
| MAPK: | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| ERK: | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
| PTM: | post-translational modification |
| HBx: | hepatitis B virus X protein |
| HCV NS3: | HCV nonstructural protein 3 |
| MMP: | matrix metalloproteinase |
| MEF2: | myocyte enhancer factors 2 |
| Egr1: | Early growth response factor 1 |
| HSPG: | heparan sulfate proteoglycan |
| HSC: | hepatic stellate cell |
| IQGAP: | IQ motif-containing GTPase activating protein |
| XIST: | X-inactive specific transcript |
| FHL: | four-and-a-half LIM protein |
| NEK6: | NIMA-related kinases 6 |
| NCX1: | Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 |
| TRPC6: | transient receptor potential channel 6 |
| SRF: | serum response factor |
| cPLA2α: | cytosolic phospholipase A2α |
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