Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Included Patients Before and After Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting.
| Before IPTW | After IPTW | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rivaroxaban, N = 36 318, % | Warfarin, N = 36 281, % | Absolute Standardized Difference | Rivaroxaban, N = 36 318, % | Warfarin, N = 36 281, % | Absolute Standardized Difference | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years | ||||||
| 18-49 | 7.5 | 3.7 | 0.16 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 0.01 |
| 50-64 | 40.7 | 28.0 | 0.27 | 34.8 | 34.1 | 0.02 |
| 65-74 | 22.8 | 22.7 | 0.00 | 22.7 | 22.8 | 0.00 |
| 75-79 | 11.6 | 14.9 | 0.10 | 13.6 | 13.4 | 0.01 |
| ≥80 | 17.4 | 30.6 | 0.31 | 23.2 | 24.3 | 0.03 |
| Male sex | 63.6 | 59.4 | 0.09 | 61.6 | 61.0 | 0.01 |
| Past medical history | ||||||
| Acute decompensate heart failure | 1.4 | 2.9 | 0.10 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.00 |
| Acute kidney injury | 5.6 | 8.4 | 0.11 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 0.01 |
| Anal fistula | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.01 |
| Anemia | 10.4 | 14.8 | 0.13 | 12.5 | 12.8 | 0.01 |
| Anxiety | 9.0 | 7.6 | 0.05 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 0.01 |
| Asthma | 7.1 | 6.1 | 0.04 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 0.01 |
| Barrett’s esophagus | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.02 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.00 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.04 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.01 |
| Genital urinary bleeding | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
| Intracranial hemorrhage | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.00 |
| Ischemic stroke | 5.1 | 9.1 | 0.15 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 0.01 |
| Coronary artery bypass grafting | 7.3 | 10.7 | 0.12 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 0.01 |
| Cancer | 10.4 | 12.0 | 0.05 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 0.01 |
| Carotid stenosis | 6.1 | 8.2 | 0.08 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 0.00 |
| Chronic kidney disease | ||||||
| Stage 3 | 3.7 | 6.3 | 0.12 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 0.01 |
| Stage 4 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.13 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.02 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 11.0 | 14.8 | 0.11 | 12.7 | 13.1 | 0.01 |
| Coronary artery disease | 2.7 | 3.7 | 0.06 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 0.01 |
| Coagulopathy | 2.4 | 4.3 | 0.11 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 0.01 |
| Crohn disease | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.04 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.01 |
| Dementia | 3.7 | 6.0 | 0.10 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 0.01 |
| Depression | 8.2 | 8.9 | 0.03 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 0.01 |
| Diverticulitis | 7.1 | 6.9 | 0.01 | 7.1 | 7.0 | 0.01 |
| Type 1 diabetes | 5.6 | 7.8 | 0.09 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 0.01 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 27.4 | 32.0 | 0.10 | 29.2 | 29.7 | 0.01 |
| Ethanol abuse | 2.1 | 1.7 | 0.03 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 0.01 |
| Falls | 5.4 | 4.9 | 0.02 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 0.00 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 13.4 | 11.4 | 0.06 | 12.5 | 12.2 | 0.01 |
| Hemorrhoids | 3.8 | 3.6 | 0.02 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0.00 |
| Heart failure | 19.6 | 27.5 | 0.19 | 23.1 | 23.7 | 0.01 |
| Hypertension | 73.6 | 74.1 | 0.01 | 74.1 | 74.0 | 0.00 |
| Hypothyroidism | 14.2 | 14.4 | 0.01 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 0.01 |
| Joint pain or stiffness | 34.0 | 34.8 | 0.02 | 35.0 | 34.8 | 0.00 |
| Liver dysfunction | 3.7 | 3.5 | 0.01 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 0.01 |
| Myocardial infarction | 5.3 | 8.3 | 0.12 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 0.01 |
| Osteoarthritis | 21.1 | 21.8 | 0.02 | 22.3 | 22.0 | 0.01 |
| Obesity | 18.2 | 13.2 | 0.14 | 15.7 | 15.5 | 0.01 |
| Other kidney disease | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.01 |
| Proteinuria | 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.01 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.01 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 5.8 | 8.1 | 0.09 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 0.01 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 2.9 | 3.3 | 0.02 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 0.00 |
| Psychosis | 2.3 | 3.4 | 0.06 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 0.01 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 15.8 | 15.5 | 0.01 | 16.1 | 15.8 | 0.01 |
| Sleep apnea | 16.7 | 13.1 | 0.10 | 15.1 | 14.8 | 0.01 |
| Smoker | 6.2 | 5.5 | 0.03 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 0.00 |
| Ulcerative colitis | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.01 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.00 |
| Upper gastrointestinal testing | 5.2 | 5.7 | 0.02 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 0.00 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
| Amiodarone | 4.3 | 4.2 | 0.00 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 0.00 |
| ACE-I or ARB | 52.8 | 53.1 | 0.01 | 53.1 | 53.1 | 0.00 |
| Aspirin | 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.02 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.00 |
| Beta-blockers | 56.3 | 54.4 | 0.04 | 55.6 | 55.3 | 0.01 |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors | 2.9 | 2.8 | 0.01 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 0.00 |
| Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers | 22.1 | 23.3 | 0.03 | 22.8 | 22.9 | 0.00 |
| Digoxin | 5.5 | 6.9 | 0.06 | 6.1 | 6.3 | 0.01 |
| Diltiazem | 12.3 | 11.0 | 0.04 | 11.9 | 11.6 | 0.01 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors | 3.0 | 3.1 | 0.00 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 0.01 |
| Dronedarone | 2.6 | 1.5 | 0.08 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0.00 |
| Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.04 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.01 |
| Histamine-2 receptor antagonists | 3.6 | 4.0 | 0.02 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 0.01 |
| Helicobacter pylori treatment | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.01 |
| Hypnotics | 6.3 | 5.8 | 0.02 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 0.01 |
| Insulin | 5.3 | 6.9 | 0.07 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 0.01 |
| Loop diuretics | 14.2 | 20.7 | 0.17 | 17.2 | 17.7 | 0.01 |
| Metformin | 15.2 | 14.8 | 0.01 | 15.1 | 14.9 | 0.01 |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 20.4 | 16.9 | 0.09 | 18.9 | 18.6 | 0.01 |
| Other anti-arrhythmic agents | 11.4 | 7.0 | 0.15 | 9.4 | 9.2 | 0.01 |
| Other lipid drugs | 9.1 | 9.0 | 0.00 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 0.01 |
| Other antidepressants | 7.0 | 7.5 | 0.02 | 7.2 | 7.4 | 0.01 |
| P2Y12 platelet inhibitors | 9.7 | 11.0 | 0.05 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 0.00 |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 22.7 | 22.0 | 0.02 | 22.6 | 22.4 | 0.00 |
| Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 Inhibitors | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.01 |
| SSRI or SNRI | 13.5 | 13.6 | 0.00 | 13.6 | 13.6 | 0.00 |
| Statins | 49.4 | 50.8 | 0.03 | 50.1 | 50.1 | 0.00 |
| Sulfonylureas or glinides | 7.3 | 9.7 | 0.09 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 0.01 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 20.7 | 18.8 | 0.05 | 20.0 | 19.8 | 0.01 |
| Thiazides | 27.7 | 27.8 | 0.00 | 27.7 | 27.7 | 0.00 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 1.9 | 2.5 | 0.05 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.00 |
| Warfarin inhibitors | 64.4 | 63.2 | 0.03 | 64.1 | 64.0 | 0.00 |
| Warfarin inducers | 27.1 | 27.1 | 0.00 | 27.3 | 27.4 | 0.00 |
| Verapamil | 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
Abbreviations: ACE-I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; SNRI, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor