Table 3.

Summary of risk of bias assessment.

Study	Patient selection	Predictors	Outcomes	Analysis
Derivation
Antwi et al 44	Low	Low	Low	Low
Benjamin et al 45	Low	High	High	High
de Oliveira et al 18	Low	Low	Low	Medium
Geelhoed et al 46	Low	High	Medium	Medium
Harutyunyan et al 47	Low	Medium	Medium	Medium
Hoirisch-Clapauch and Benchimol-Barbosa48	Low	Medium	Low	Low
Kayode et al 49	Medium	Low	Medium	Low
Kumar et al 50	Low	High	Medium	Medium
Nascimento et al 40	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
Payne et al 19	Low	Low	Low	Low
Payne et al 20	Low	Low	Low	Low
Phaloprakarn et al 51	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
Prata et al 52	Low	Low	Low	Medium
Romero-Gutiérrez et al 53	Low	High	Medium	Medium
Sekizawa et al 54	Low	Medium	Low	High
Tsu55	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium
Zhou et al 56	Medium	Low	Low	Medium
Incremental value
Antwi et al 23	Low	Medium	Medium	Low
Payne et al 21	Low	Low	Low	Low
External validation
Ukah et al 22	Low	Low	Low	Low