Table 3. Treatment group nutrient intake (pre-and post-intervention).*.
| Nutrient | Baseline (n = 12) | 3-month (n = 12) | % Change | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | 1815 ± 743 | 1400 ± 367 | –22.8 | 0.10 |
| Protein (g)¥ | 73 ± 24 (16%) | 95 ± 22 (27%) | 31.0 | 0.024 |
| Carbohydrates (g)¥ | 228 ± 117 (50%) | 180 ± 63 (51%) | –21.0 | 0.23 |
| Dietary Fiber (g) | 21 ± 13 | 29 ± 12 | 37.5 | 0.13 |
| Soluble Fiber (g) | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 5.2 ± 3.5 | 316.6 | 0.001 |
| Total Sugars (g) | 104 ± 102 | 68 ± 29 | –34.4 | 0.25 |
| Sucrose (g) | 8 ± 7 | 11 ± 6 | 39.1 | 0.26 |
| Fat (g)¥ | 71 ± 35 (35%) | 42 ± 17 (27%) | –41.1 | 0.016 |
| Saturated Fat (g) | 27 ± 19 | 10 ± 3 | –61.4 | 0.008 |
| Monounsaturated Fat (g) | 11 ± 6 | 11 ± 6 | 3.8 | 0.86 |
| Omega 3 FA (g) | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 534.9 | <0.001 |
| Omega 6 FA (g) | 4.9 ± 3.6 | 4.4 ± 2.8 | –11.2 | 0.68 |
| Trans fatty acid (g) | 0.8 ± 1.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | –84.3 | 0.049 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 228 ± 122 | 215 ± 112 | –5.6 | 0.79 |
| Vitamin A (RAE) | 387 ± 209 | 2030 ± 445 | 424.1 | <0.001 |
| Carotenoid (RAE) | 410 ± 371 | 1739 ± 899 | 324.3 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | –24.0 | 0.26 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | –8.9 | 0.64 |
| Vitamin B3 (mg) | 12.4 ± 8 | 12.0 ± 6 | –3.1 | 0.89 |
| Vitamin B5 (mg) | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 3.3 ± 1.3 | 32.0 | 0.20 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 34.6 | 0.14 |
| Vitamin B12 (mg) | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 2.1 ± 1.5 | –9.4 | 0.74 |
| Biotin (µg) | 11.1 ± 13 | 14.5 ± 7 | 30.2 | 0.44 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 78 ± 64 | 469 ± 96 | 500.7 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin D (IU) | 78.7 ± 53 | 107.6 ± 78 | 36.7 | 0.30 |
| Vitamin E (mg)† | 2.6 ± 2 | 612 ± 9 | 23072.1 | <0.001 |
| Folate (µg) | 206.1 ± 144 | 322.9 ± 344 | 56.7 | 0.29 |
| Vitamin K (µg) | 38.4 ± 58 | 256.3 ± 414 | 567.3 | 0.084 |
| Calcium (mg) | 645.9 ± 280 | 615.7 ± 200 | –4.7 | 0.76 |
| Chromium (µg) | 1.7 ± 1.2 | 3.3 ± 2.3 | 93.5 | 0.047 |
| Copper (mg) | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | 73.5 | 0.10 |
| Fluoride (mg) | 967 ± 1212 | 328 ± 522 | –66.1 | 0.11 |
| Iodine (µg) | 24.3 ± 16.2 | 25.3 ± 15.6 | 3.9 | 0.89 |
| Iron (mg) | 11.6 ± 4 | 27.4 ± 2 | 136.4 | <0.001 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 167 ± 117 | 242 ± 90 | 44.9 | 0.092 |
| Manganese (mg) | 2.8 ± 2.5 | 2.9 ± 1 | 5.7 | 0.84 |
| Molybdenum (mg) | 10.0 ± 13.7 | 19.0 ± 20.5 | 90.6 | 0.22 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 754 ± 696 | 772 ± 253 | 2.5 | 0.93 |
| Potassium (mg) | 1697 ± 963 | 2515 ± 1270 | 48.2 | 0.089 |
| Selenium (mg) | 44.4 ± 29 | 75.5 ± 76 | 70.1 | 0.20 |
| Sodium (mg) | 2502 ± 1137 | 1564 ± 606 | –37.5 | 0.019 |
| Zinc (mg) | 6.1 ± 4.2 | 27.7 ± 1.9 | 355.3 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol (g) | 3.6 ± 11 | 0.3 ± 1.1 | –91.2 | 0.30 |
| Caffeine (mg) | 133 ± 103 | 57 ± 53 | –74.5 | 0.005 |
Reported as mean ± standard deviation.
P-value from paired-T-test. Significance at P < 0.05.
*nutrient intakes derived from the dietary analysis plus the nutrients in the added study supplements.
†includes ‘mixed tocopherols’ from the supplements.