Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to detectable urinary properdin urinary sC5b-9 levels.
| Variables | Urinary properdin | P-value | Urinary sC5b-9 | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not detectable (n = 478) | Detectable (n = 161) | Not detectable (n = 537) | Detectable (n = 102) | |||
| RECIPIENT | ||||||
| Age (years) | 53 ± 13 | 53 ± 13 | 0.96 | 53 ± 13 | 53 ± 13 | 0.88 |
| Male sex (n, %) | 305 (64) | 66 (41) | <0.001 | 298 (56) | 70 (69) | 0.01 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.5 ± 4.2 | 26.7 ± 5.0 | 0.65 | 26.6 ± 4.7 | 26.3 ± 4.9 | 0.44 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.96 ± 0.21 | 1.90 ± 0.22 | 0.004 | 1.95 ± 0.21 | 1.94 ± 0.22 | 0.95 |
| Alcohol use (n, %) | 387 (82) | 124 (77) | 0.28 | 441 (82) | 74 (73) | 0.69 |
| Current smoking (n, %) | 55 (12) | 20 (12) | 0.72 | 58 (11) | 17 (17) | 0.06 |
| Primary renal disease | 0.34 | 0.95 | ||||
| Primary glomerular disease (n, %) | 143 (30) | 36 (22) | 156 (29) | 25 (25) | ||
| Glomerulonephritis (n, %) | 43 (9) | 11 (7) | 43 (8) | 11 (11) | ||
| Tubulo-interstitial disease (n, %) | 48 (10) | 25 (16) | 63 (12) | 11 (11) | ||
| Polycystic renal disease (n, %) | 95 (20) | 36 (22) | 109 (20) | 22 (22) | ||
| Dysplasia and hypoplasia (n, %) | 19 (4) | 6 (4) | 22 (4) | 4 (4) | ||
| Renovascular disease (n, %) | 29 (6) | 8 (5) | 30 (6) | 7 (7) | ||
| Diabetic nephropathy (n, %) | 23 (5) | 8 (5) | 27 (5) | 4 (4) | ||
| Other or unknown cause (n, %) | 78 (16) | 31 (19) | 87 (16) | 18 (18) | ||
| History of CV-disease (n, %) | 58 (12) | 23 (14) | 0.31 | 71 (13) | 10 (10) | 0.65 |
| Time since transplantation (years)* | 5.3 (1.7–12.0) | 6.1 (2.1–12.6) | 0.39 | 5.1 (1.9–11.6) | 7.1 (1.7–15.0) | 0.07 |
| Delayed graft function (n, %) | 31 (7) | 15 (9) | 0.27 | 36 (7) | 10 (10) | 0.24 |
| Rejection (n, %) | 130 (27) | 45 (28) | 0.82 | 143 (27) | 32 (31) | 0.33 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 109 (23) | 38 (24) | 0.75 | 124 (23) | 23 (23) | 0.84 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136 ± 17 | 135 ± 18 | 0.84 | 135 ± 17 | 139 ± 19 | 0.05 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82 ± 11 | 82 ± 11 | 0.64 | 82 ± 11 | 85 ± 11 | 0.02 |
| LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS | ||||||
| sC5b-9 (ng/mL) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–3.8) | <0.001 | 0 (0–0) | 5.1 (2.8–12.8) | |
| Properdin (ng/mL) | 0 (0–0) | 27.6 (8.7–68.1) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–32.4) | <0.001 | |
| Hemoglobin (mmol/L) | 8.3 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | 8.2 ± 1.1 | 8.1 ± 1.2 | 0.31 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 0.60 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 0.49 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 54 ± 20 | 47 ± 21 | <0.001 | 54 ± 20 | 44 ± 21 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 133 ± 46 | 154 ± 83 | 0.003 | 132 ± 48 | 172 ± 91 | <0.001 |
| Proteinuria (>0.5 g/24 h) (n, %) | 74 (15) | 65 (40) | <0.001 | 83 (16) | 56 (55) | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.5 (0.6–3.7) | 2.5 (1.0–7.6) | <0.001 | 1.6 (0.7–4.3) | 2.1 (0.8–6.1) | 0.09 |
| TREATMENT | ||||||
| ACE-inhibitors (n, %) | 157 (33) | 58 (36) | 0.47 | 176 (33) | 39 (38) | 0.29 |
| Bèta-blocker (n, %) | 300 (63) | 113 (70) | 0.08 | 346 (64) | 67 (66) | 0.81 |
| Calcium channel blockers (n, %) | 117 (25) | 39 (24) | 0.95 | 128 (24) | 28 (28) | 0.44 |
| Diuretic use (n, %) | 189 (40) | 72 (45) | 0.26 | 209 (39) | 52 (51) | 0.02 |
| Calcineurin inhibitor (n, %) | 281 (59) | 92 (57) | 0.57 | 315 (59) | 60 (59) | 0.44 |
| Sirolimus (n, %) | 10 (2) | 2 (1) | 0.33 | 11 (2) | 1 (1) | 0.50 |
| Prednisolon, mg/24 h (n, %) | 468 (99) | 161 (100) | 0.47 | 532 (99) | 101 (99) | 0.53 |
| MMF (n, %) | 294 (62) | 87 (54) | 0.10 | 328 (61) | 55 (54) | 0.70 |
| Azathioprine (n, %) | 77 (16) | 41 (26) | 0.68 | 93 (17) | 27 (27) | 0.71 |
| DONOR | ||||||
| Donor age (years) | 46 ± 18 | 43 ± 15 | 0.07 | 43 ± 15 | 42 ± 16 | 0.29 |
| Male sex donor (n, %) | 232 (49%) | 90 (56%) | 0.11 | 280 (53%) | 45 (46%) | 0.19 |
| Deceased type donor (n, %) | 298 (62%) | 117 (73%) | 0.02 | 341 (63%) | 77 (75%) | 0.02 |
| HLA MISMATCHES (n, %) | ||||||
| Class I | 0.46 | |||||
| 0 (n, %) | 102 (22) | 27 (17%) | 103 (19%) | 26 (25%) | ||
| 1 (n, %) | 113 (24%) | 31 (19%) | 125 (23%) | 21 (20%) | ||
| 2 (n, %) | 169 (36%) | 53 (33%) | 191 (36%) | 33 (32%) | ||
| 3 (n, %) | 43 (9%) | 20 (12%) | 51 (10%) | 12 (12%) | ||
| 4 (n, %) | 21 (4%) | 9 (6%) | 27 (5%) | 3 (3%) | ||
| Class II | 0.82 | |||||
| 0 (n, %) | 199 (42%) | 60 (37%) | 215 (40%) | 46 (45%) | ||
| 1 (n, %) | 198 (42%) | 66 (41%) | 226 (42%) | 40 (39%) | ||
| 2 (n, %) | 47 (10%) | 14 (9%) | 52 (10) | 9 (9%) | ||
Normally distributed data are presented as means ± standard deviation, skewed data as medians (interquartile range), and categorical data as number (percentage). P-values have been calculated by means of independent samples T-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, or Chi-square test. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; MMF, mycofenolaat mofetil; HLA, human leukocyte antigens.
*
time since transplantation at inclusion.