Table 2.
Phytochemical constituents of Gymnema sylvestre.
| Constituents | Classification | Chemical Structure | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Triterpene saponins | Gymnemic acids-acylated (tiglolyl, methylbutyroyl) derivatives of deacylgymnemic acid (DAGA) which is a 3-O-β-glucouronide of gymnemagenin (3β, 16β, 21β, 22α, 23, 28-hexahydroxy-Olean-12-ene). |
 |
(Liu et al., 1992) |
| Oleanane Saponins | Gymnemic acids and gymnemasaponins |  |
(Ye et al., 2000) |
| Gymnemanol | 3,β-16,β-22, α-23-28-pentahydroxyolean-12-ene |
 |
(Sahu et al., 1996) |
| Dammarene Saponins | Gymnemoside A, B, C,D,E,F |
 
|
(Yoshikawa et al., 1997; Yoshikawa et al., 1998) |
| Gymmestrogenin | Pentahydroxytriterpene |  |
(Yoshikawa et al., 1998) |
| Gurmarin | A 35-Amino acid peptide with a molecular weight of 4209 | <1Glu- Gln- Cys- Val- 5Lys- Lys- Asp- Glu- Leu- 10Cys- Ile- Pro-Tyr- Tyr- 15Leu- Asp- Cys- Cys- Glu- 20Pro- Leu- Glu- Cys- Lys-25Lys- Val- Asn- Trp- Trp- 30Asp- His- Lys- Cys- Ile- 35Gly>. (Glu = pyroglutamic-acid) |
(Imoto et al., 1991) |
| Triterpenoid saponins Gymnemasin A Gymnemasin B Gymnemasin C Gymnemasin D |
3-O [β-D-glucopyranosyl (1-3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-22-O-tiglyol gymnemanol 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-β-D-glucuro- nopyranosyl]- Gymnemanol 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-22-O-tigloyl- gymnemanol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-gymnemanol |
 
|
(J-GLOBAL-Japan Science and Technology Agency, n.d.a; J-GLOBAL-Japan Science and Technology Agency, n.d.b; J-GLOBAL-Japan Science and Technology Agency, n.d.c; J-GLOBAL-Japan Science and Technology Agency, n.d.d) |
| Flavonol glycoside | Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-α- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-6)- β-D-galactopyranoside |  |
(Liu et al., 2004) |
| Sterols | Stigmasterol |  |
(Potawale et al., 2008) |
| Lupeol |  |
(Sinsheimer et al., 1970) | |
| d-Quercitol |  |
(Potawale et al., 2008) | |
| Parabin |  |
(Sinsheimer et al., 1970) | |
| Quercitol |  |
(Tiwari et al., 2014). | |
| Conduritol A |  |
(Tiwari et al., 2014). |