Table 3.
Summary of Pharmacological Effects of Gymnema sylvestre.
| Gymnema sylvestre Extract | Type of study | Study Model | Activities | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | In vivo | Alloxan induced diabetic and normal Male Wister albino rats | Blood glucose level was reduced | (Sathya et al., 2008; Ahmed et al., 2010) |
| In vitro | • Anti- oxidant activity | (Arun et al., 2014) | ||
| In vivo | Albino Rats | • Anti-allergic • Anti-stress • Inhibition of aspirin-induced gastric ulcers |
||
| In vitro |
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae 1, Klebsiella pneumoniae 2, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium 1, Salmonella typhimurium 2, Shigella Flexneri, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus |
• Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae 1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium 2, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus • Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis were insensitive to the plant extract. |
(Arora and Sood, 2017) | |
| Alcohol | In vivo | Wister Rats | • Fat digestibility was decreased • Excretion of neutral sterols and acid steroids into feces was increased • Decreased the total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in serum • The decrease in body weight • Inhibition of fat accumulation |
(Shigematsu et al., 2001a; Shigematsu et al., 2001b) |
| Acetone | – | Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) |
• Larvicidal Activity | (Elumalai et al., 2013) |
| Methanol | – | Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) |
• Larvicidal Activity | (Elumalai et al., 2013) |
| In vivo and In vitro | Alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats | • Increased the weight of the whole body, liver, pancreas • Increased liver glycogen content • Regeneration of β-cells |
(Ahmed et al., 2010) | |
| In vitro | L6 myotubes and 3T3 L1 murine adipocyte cell line |
• Enhanced GLUT-4 and PPAR-γ gene expressions • Enhanced expression of adiponectin and leptin |
(Kumar et al., 2016) | |
| In vivo | Wister rats | • Reduced blood glucose level • Reduced triglyceride, cholesterol level • Lowered urea, creatinine level |
(Dholi and Raparla, 2014) | |
| Chloroform | – | Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) |
• Larvicidal Activity | (Elumalai et al., 2013 |
| In vitro |
B. subtilis, S. epidermis, E. faecalis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. cloacae; E. aerogene; E. coli, S. typhimuriumand K. pneumoniae |
• Shown wide range of inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae | (Chodisetti et al., 2013) | |
| OSA | In vitro | MIN6 mouse β-cell and human islets of Langerhans | • Increased insulin secretion | (Liu et al., 2009) |
| In vivo | Insulin-resistant ob/ob mice | • Improved glucose-intolerant status | (Al-Romaiyan et al., 2010) | |
| In vitro | Isolated mouse islets | • Increased insulin secretion | ||
| In vitro | Human Islets of Langerhans | • Increase in Insulin Secretion | ||
| Gymnemic Acids extracted from Gymnema sylvestre | In vitro | Male Hartley Guinea-pigs | • Suppressive effect on the H-65 K+ induced contraction of the ileal longitudinal muscle | (Shimizu et al., 1997) |
| In vitro | Guinea-pigs and Wister rats | • Suppression of glucose invoked transmural potential difference increase in the inverted intestines | ||
| In vivo | Male Sprague-Dawley Strain Rats | • Suppression of Glucose level | ||
| In vivo | Male rats of the Wistar-ST strain | • Increased fecal cholesterol and CA-derived bile acid excretion | (Nakamura et al., 1999) | |
| Ethanol Extract | In vivo | Ulcerative colitis induced Wister albino rats |
• Suppressed oxidative and inflammatory response • Protected colonic mucosal content |
(Aleisa et al., 2014) |
| In vivo | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino Rats | • Establishes blood glucose homeostasis Brings glycoconjugate components to near normal levels |
(Shanmugasundaram et al., 1988) | |
| In vitro | Human skin melanoma cell line (A375) and normal liver cell line (WRL-68) | • Apoptotic effect on A375 cells | (Chakraborty et al., 2013) | |
| In vivo | Female ICR mice | • Showed inhibitory effects on TPA-induced inflammation | (Yasukawa et al., 2014) | |
| In vivo | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar albino rats | • Reduction in the pain threshold Reduction in body weight • Mitigation of blood glucose levels and increased insulin level • Attenuated the elevated levels of cytokines in the serum and sciatic tissues |
(Fatani et al., 2015) | |
| In vitro | • exhibited strong antioxidant activity | (Kang et al., 2012) | ||
| In vivo | Streptozotocin induced diabetic Sprague−Dawley male rats | • Decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase in cytosolic liver • Reduced glutamate pyruvate transaminase in serum to normal levels |
(Daisy et al., 2009) | |
| In vivo | Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wister rats | • Showed hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity | ||
| Dihydroxy gymnemic triacetate isolated from Gymnema sylvestre | In vitro | Mouse pancreatic β-cell lines (MIN6) | • Inhibited yeast α-glucosidase, sucrase, maltase, and pancreatic α-amylase • Increased insulin secretion • Showed protection against H2O2 induced ROS generation |
(Shenoy et al., 2018) |
| Isolated Triterpene Glycoside fraction from Gymnema sylvestre |
In vitro | Wister Rats | • Inhibited Glucose-Stimulated Gastric Inhibitory Peptide Secretion | (Fushiki et al., 1992) |