Table 1.
Study sample characteristics
| T0 | T1 | P value* | |
| n=1579 | n=1527 | ||
| Participants per hospital, n (%)† | 0.385 | ||
| Hospital A (approximately 900 beds) | 221 (14.0) | 223 (14.6) | |
| Hospital B (approximately 800 beds) | 154 (9.8) | 170 (11.1) | |
| Hospital C (approximately 500 beds) | 138 (8.7) | 127 (8.3) | |
| Hospital D (approximately 500 beds) | 362 (22.9) | 325 (21.3) | |
| Hospital E (approximately 400 beds) | 347 (22.0) | 342 (22.4) | |
| Hospital F (approximately 300 beds) | 284 (18.0) | 250 (16.4) | |
| Hospital G (approximately 100 beds) | 73 (4.6) | 90 (5.9) | |
| Female, n (%) | 1187 (77.6) | 1191 (79.7) | 0.173 |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 36.8 (10.5) | 35.9 (10.5) | 0.0255 |
| Profession, n (%) | 0.043 | ||
| Nurse | 1050 (69.1) | 1084 (72.8) | |
| Physician | 350 (23.0) | 288 (19.3) | |
| Other | 120 (7.9) | 117 (7.9) | |
| With managerial function, n (%) | 232 (16.4) | 193 (13.9) | 0.066 |
| Years working in this hospital, n (%) | 0.849 | ||
| <2 | 376 (24.5) | 380 (25.4) | |
| 2 to <5 | 385 (25.0) | 357 (23.9) | |
| 5 to <10 | 264 (17.2) | 271 (18.1) | |
| 10 to <20 | 307 (20.0) | 297 (19.9) | |
| ≥20 | 206 (13.4) | 190 (12.7) | |
| Work unit in the past 3 months, n (%) | 0.020 | ||
| Ward | 906 (58.5) | 963 (63.9) | |
| Emergency department | 248 (16.0) | 190 (12.6) | |
| Intensive care unit | 144 (9.3) | 129 (8.6) | |
| Operating room | 146 (9.4) | 141 (9.4) | |
| Other | 104 (6.7) | 85 (5.6) | |
| Overall experience with catheter placement throughout career, n (%) |
0.300 | ||
| Never | 26 (1.7) | 30 (2.0) | |
| 1–5 times | 169 (11.0) | 171 (11.4) | |
| 6–20 times | 341 (22.2) | 370 (24.6) | |
| >20 times | 1002 (65.2) | 931 (62.0) | |
| Frequency of catheter placement in current position, n (%) | 0.084 | ||
| Frequent user | 690 (44.2) | 618 (41.1) | |
| Infrequent user | 871 (55.8) | 885 (58.9) | |
Due to rounding percentages may not always add up to 100%.
T0: baseline survey; T1: follow-up survey.
Frequent user: places a catheter a few times a month or more often; infrequent user: places a catheter a few times a year or less often.
*P values for changes between the two time periods.
†In the larger hospitals, not all of the departments participated in the project.