Table 3.
Perception: mean scale score
| MeanT0 (95% CI) | nT0 | MeanT1 (95% CI) | nT1 | P value | Effect size | |
| Overall sample | 5.3 (5.3 to 5.3) | 1568 | 5.5 (5.5 to 5.6) | 1521 | <0.001 | 0.31 |
| Professional group | ||||||
| Nurses | 5.4 (5.3 to 5.4) | 1044 | 5.6 (5.6 to 5.7) | 1082 | <0.001 | 0.33 |
| Physicians | 5.1 (5.0 to 5.1) | 347 | 5.3 (5.2 to 5.4) | 286 | <0.001 | 0.29 |
| Managerial function | ||||||
| With | 5.2 (5.1 to 5.3) | 230 | 5.6 (5.5 to 5.7) | 191 | <0.001 | 0.52 |
| Without | 5.3 (5.3 to 5.4) | 1180 | 5.6 (5.5 to 5.6) | 1197 | <0.001 | 0.29 |
| Frequency of catheter placement | ||||||
| Frequent user | 5.2 (5.1 to 5.3) | 690 | 5.4 (5.3 to 5.5) | 618 | <0.001 | 0.22 |
| Infrequent user | 5.4 (5.3 to 5.4) | 861 | 5.7 (5.6 to 5.7) | 880 | <0.001 | 0.37 |
| Matched identification | 5.4 (5.3 to 5.4) | 416 | 5.6 (5.5 to 5.7) | 416 | <0.001 | 0.32 |
| Unmatched identification | 5.3 (5.2 to 5.3) | 1108 | 5.5 (5.5 to 5.6) | 1049 | <0.001 | 0.31 |
Scale consisted of 13 items. Items were answered on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Cronbach’s alpha for the scale: T0 α=0.79 and T1 α=0.80.
T0: baseline survey; T1: follow-up survey.
Frequent user: places a catheter a few times a month or more often; infrequent user: places a catheter a few times a year or less often.