Table 3.
The relationship between fear and time to death among respondents in the GSS-NDI 1978–2008 (n=20 297) by sex
| Females n=11 444 | Males n=8934 | |||||||
| Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | |||||
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
| Fear | ||||||||
| No (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Yes | 1.24 | (1.16 to 1.32) | 1.05 | (0.95 to 1.16) | 1.30 | (1.19 to 1.41) | 1.08 | (1.02 to 1.14) |
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Black | 1.31 | (1.16 to 1.47) | 1.36 | (1.17 to 1.59) | ||||
| Other | 0.86 | (0.65 to 1.13) | 1.15 | (0.94 to 1.40) | ||||
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than high wchool (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| High school | 0.82 | (0.74 to 0.91) | 0.96 | (0.86 to 1.07) | ||||
| Junior college | 0.85 | (0.72 to 1.02) | 0.95 | (0.79 to 1.14) | ||||
| Bachelor's degree | 0.74 | (0.64 to 0.87) | 0.87 | (0.78 to 0.98) | ||||
| Graduate | 0.82 | (0.63 to 1.06) | 0.93 | (0.82 to 1.04) | ||||
| Religion | ||||||||
| None (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Protestant | 0.92 | (0.73 to 1.17) | 1.10 | (0.88 to 1.37) | ||||
| Catholic | 0.83 | (0.68 to 1.01) | 1.02 | (0.80 to 1.29) | ||||
| Jewish | 0.78 | (0.59 to 1.04) | 0.87 | (0.65 to 1.17) | ||||
| Other | 0.78 | (0.57 to 1.07) | 0.84 | (0.66 to 1.07) | ||||
| Eastern | 1.52 | (0.33 to 7.54) | * | * | ||||
| Age, years | ||||||||
| 18–20 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 21–30 | 0.91 | (0.60 to 1.38) | 1.59 | (0.88 to 2.88) | ||||
| 31–40 | 1.61 | (1.14 to 2.26) | 2.50 | (1.33 to 4.72) | ||||
| 41–50 | 2.67 | (1.73 to 4.11) | 3.94 | (1.93 to 8.03) | ||||
| 51–60 | 4.34 | (2.99 to 6.29) | 6.52 | (3.57 to 11.92) | ||||
| 61–70 | 6.84 | (4.64 to 10.07) | 11.19 | (6.15 to 20.37) | ||||
| 71–80 | 11.67 | (7.91 to 17.21) | 16.51 | (8.40 to 32.46) | ||||
| >80 | 15.89 | (10.64 to 23.71) | 22.22 | (9.86 to 50.08) | ||||
| Household income | ||||||||
| Low (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Medium | 0.88 | (0.82 to 0.94) | 0.96 | (0.81 to 1.14) | ||||
| High | 0.84 | (0.78 to 0.91) | 0.78 | (0.66 to 0.93) | ||||
| Missing | 1.02 | (0.88 to 1.18) | 0.94 | (0.80 to 1.10) | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Divorced | 0.91 | (0.81 to 1.02) | 1.03 | (0.95 to 1.12) | ||||
| Separated | 1.06 | (0.94 to 1.19) | 1.06 | (0.76 to 1.49) | ||||
| Widowed | 1.21 | (1.11 to 1.33) | 1.00 | (0.82 to 1.23) | ||||
| Single | 1.02 | (0.82 to 1.26) | 0.98 | (0.87 to 1.10) | ||||
| Region | ||||||||
| New England (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Mid-Atlantic | 1.07 | (1.03 to 1.11) | 1.14 | (1.12 to 1.16) | ||||
| East North Central | 1.13 | (1.10 to 1.17) | 1.13 | (1.09 to 1.18) | ||||
| West North Central | 0.99 | (0.96 to 1.02) | 1.01 | (0.97 to 1.05) | ||||
| South Atlantic | 1.16 | (1.11 to 1.21) | 1.08 | (0.99 to 1.17) | ||||
| East South Central | 0.90 | (0.85 to 0.95) | 1.30 | (1.20 to 1.40) | ||||
| West South Central | 1.02 | (0.99 to 1.07) | 1.19 | (1.11 to 1.28) | ||||
| Mountain | 0.90 | (0.96 to 1.02) | 0.96 | (0.91 to 1.01) | ||||
| Pacific | 1.19 | (1.12 to 1.26) | 1.11 | (1.08 to 1.15) | ||||
| Setting | ||||||||
| Rural (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Suburban | 1.07 | (1.00 to 1.14) | 1.05 | (0.96 to 1.15) | ||||
| Urban | 0.98 | (0.89 to 1.09) | 1.05 | (0.97 to 1.13) | ||||
| Cohort | ||||||||
| 1980s (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 1990s | 1.03 | (0.96 to 1.12) | 0.91 | (0.83 to 1.00) | ||||
* Estimate unstable due to low power
GSS, General Social Survey; NDI, National Death Index.