Table 2. Associations between patient characteristics and no opioid prescription fills within 12 months before OUD or overdose diagnosis (n = 227,038).
| Variables | Patients Without (Versus With) Any Prescribed Opioid Fills | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted PRR (95% CI) | Adjusteda PRR (95% CI) | |
| Year (versus 2006) | ||
| 2007 | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) |
| 2008 | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) |
| 2009 | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) |
| 2010 | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | 1.08 (1.03–1.12) |
| 2011 | 1.16 (1.11–1.22) | 1.14 (1.09–1.18) |
| 2012 | 1.25 (1.19–1.30) | 1.20 (1.16–1.25) |
| 2013 | 1.27 (1.22–1.33) | 1.24 (1.19–1.29) |
| 2014 | 1.21 (1.16–1.27) | 1.27 (1.23–1.32) |
| 2015 | 1.74 (1.67–1.82) | 1.97 (1.90–2.05) |
| 2016 | 1.53 (1.46–1.59) | 1.86 (1.79–1.93) |
| Age, y | 0.90 (0.90–0.91) | 0.95 (0.94–0.95) |
| Age2, y | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| Male (versus female) | 1.49 (1.48–1.51) | 1.14 (1.13–1.15) |
| Dependent (versus employee insurance status) | 1.32 (1.30–1.34) | 0.92 (0.91–0.94) |
| Metropolitan residency (yes versus no) | 1.20 (1.18–1.22) | 1.06 (1.04–1.07) |
| Region (versus South) | ||
| Northcentral | 1.13 (1.12–1.15) | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) |
| Northeast | 1.54 (1.52–1.56) | 1.22 (1.21–1.24) |
| West | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) |
aAge at diagnosis (a quadratic term was added because of its nonlinearity), sex, dependency, metropolitan residency, regions, depression, anxiety, diagnosis of chronic pain, neuropathic pain, and musculoskeletal pain were adjusted in the model.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OUD, opioid use disorder; PRR, prevalence relative ratio