Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics and depression symptom (PHQ-9) scores among the sampled households.
| Characteristics | N or Mean | % or SD | PHQ-9 Score | Comparisons (p-values) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | ||||
| Household Head characteristics | |||||
| Age | 0.053 | ||||
| 20–35 | 60 | 11.2 | 9.6 | 5.9 | |
| 36–50 | 197 | 36.9 | 9.1 | 5.8 | |
| 51–65 | 206 | 38.6 | 8.2 | 5.3 | |
| 66–80 | 63 | 11.8 | 7.3 | 5.0 | |
| >81 | 8 | 1.5 | 10.6 | 4.0 | |
| Sex | 0.009 | ||||
| Male | 256 | 47.9 | 7.8 | 5.5 | |
| Female | 278 | 52.1 | 9.1 | 5.5 | |
| Marital Status | 0.006 | ||||
| Unmarried | 390 | 73.0 | 8.9 | 5.4 | |
| Married | 144 | 27.0 | 7.3 | 5.6 | |
| Education | 0.239 | ||||
| Primary school or less | 427 | 80.0 | 8.6 | 5.5 | |
| Beyond primary school | 107 | 20.0 | 8.0 | 5.6 | |
| Indexed Patient characteristics | |||||
| Age | 0.042 | ||||
| 20–35 | 118 | 22.1 | 9.1 | 5.2 | |
| 36–50 | 192 | 36.0 | 9.0 | 5.9 | |
| 51–65 | 177 | 33.1 | 8.3 | 5.5 | |
| 66–80 | 41 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 4.6 | |
| >81 | 6 | 1.1 | 6.0 | 1.4 | |
| Sex | 0.181 | ||||
| Male | 114 | 21.5 | 8.0 | 5.8 | |
| Female | 416 | 78.5 | 8.6 | 5.4 | |
| Marital Status | 0.061 | ||||
| Unmarried | 419 | 79.1 | 8.7 | 5.5 | |
| Married | 111 | 20.9 | 7.6 | 5.5 | |
| Education | 0.040 | ||||
| Primary school or less | 463 | 87.4 | 8.6 | 5.5 | |
| Beyond primary school | 67 | 12.6 | 7.4 | 5.3 | |
| Children | 0.765 | ||||
| No children | 71 | 13.4 | 8.6 | 5.2 | |
| Has children | 457 | 86.6 | 8.4 | 5.5 | |
| Depressive symptom severity | 0.028 | ||||
| None | 31 | 5.8% | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
| Minimal | 116 | 21.7% | 2.7 | 1.1 | |
| Mild | 139 | 26.0% | 6.4 | 1.2 | |
| Moderate | 166 | 31.1% | 11.5 | 1.4 | |
| Moderately-severe | 64 | 12.0% | 16.7 | 1.3 | |
| Severe | 18 | 3.4% | 21.4 | 1.5 | |
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Household Size | 0.001 | ||||
| 1–2 | 134 | 25.1 | 7.7 | 5.3 | |
| 3–4 | 213 | 39.9 | 8.5 | 5.3 | |
| 5–6 | 131 | 24.5 | 8.8 | 5.9 | |
| 7–8 | 44 | 8.2 | 11.1 | 5.7 | |
| >8 | 12 | 2.2 | 10.3 | 4.6 | |
| Health Insurance Coverage | 0.258 | ||||
| Uninsured | 525 | 98.3 | 8.5 | 5.5 | |
| Insured | 9 | 1.7 | 6.3 | 4.6 | |
| Social Protection | 0.001 | ||||
| Not receiving social grant | 144 | 27.0 | 7.2 | 5.2 | |
| Receiving social grant | 390 | 73.0 | 8.9 | 5.5 | |
| Housing characteristics | |||||
| Ownership | 0.199 | ||||
| Owned and fully paid off | 165 | 32.2 | 8.5 | 5.1 | |
| Provided free of charge | 313 | 61.1 | 8.7 | 5.5 | |
| Rented | 34 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.9 | |
| Wall Material | 0.050 | ||||
| Metal sheet | 61 | 11.4 | 9.6 | 5.4 | |
| Cement | 473 | 88.6 | 8.3 | 5.5 | |
| Water Source | 0.000 | ||||
| Piped into dwelling | 272 | 50.9 | 7.4 | 5.0 | |
| Piped into Yard or Public Tap | 262 | 49.1 | 9.6 | 5.8 | |
two-sample, unpaired t-test for dichotomous categorical variables, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for categorical variables with > 2 groups, linear regression for continuous variables