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. 2018 Jul 26;24(6):349–356. doi: 10.1177/1753425918790663

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© The Author(s) 2018

Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 4. — Proposed model for transcriptional regulation of TGF-β signaling pathway in D. melanogaster following infection with H. gerrardi parasitic nematodes. Upon infection with H. gerrardi infective juveniles, Mad up-regulation in D. melanogaster larvae can be achieved via both BMP and activin branches of the TGF-β signaling pathway. Type I receptors, Sax, and Babo, are up-regulated in response to nematode infection and can lead to up-regulation of Mad. Activation of type I receptor Sax is achieved via binding of the extracellular ligand Scw.