Table 1.

Different vaccine strategies available for Nipah virus (NiV).

Vector	Antigen used	Dose for immunization	Animal model	Route of vaccination	Administration frequency	Challenge with virus titer	Route of challenge	References
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)	rVSV expressing NiV G	105 plaque forming units (PFU)	Hamsters	Intraperitoneal	Single	6.8 × 104 TCID50 (1000 LD50)	Intraperitoneal	DeBuysscher et al. 2014
	rVSV-ZEBOV-GP-NiVG	107 PFU	African Green monkey	intramuscular	Single	105 TCID50 (Malaysian strain)	Intratracheal	Prescott et al. 2015
	rVSV-ΔG-NiVB/G	107 PFU	Ferrets	Intramuscular	Single	∼5 × 105 PFU	Equally divided between intratracheal and intranasal routes	Mire et al. 2013
	Replication-defective VSV	106 infectious particles	Female Syrian golden hamsters	Intramuscular	Single	105 TCID50 per hamster (>1000 times LD50- Malaysian strain)	Intraperitoneal	Lo et al. 2014
Canarypox virus (ALVAC) vaccine vector	vCP2199, carrying the NiV-G and vCP2208, carrying the NiV F	108 PFU	Landrace female pigs	Intramuscular	Boosted 14 days postvaccination	2.5 × 105 PFU	Intranasal challenge	Weingartl et al. 2006
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)	NiV G	2.1010/1.1010 genome particles	Balb/c male mice	Intra muscular or intra-dermal	One Booster	104 PFU	Intraperitoneal	Ploquin et al. 2013
		6.1011 genome particles	Golden hamsters	Intra muscular
Vaccinia virus	NiV G and NiV F	107 PFU	BALB/c female mice	Subcutaneously	Boosted with the same dose	1,000 PFU	Intraperitoneal	Guillaume et al. 2004b
Measles virus based-vectors (HL strain or Edmonston B strain)	NiV G	1 × 105 TCID50	African green monkeys	Subcutaneously	One booster	1 × 106 TCID50	Intraperitoneal	Yoneda et al. 2013
		2 × 104 TCID50	Hamsters	Intraperitoneal		1 × 108 TCID50	Intranasal
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles	NiV G	3.1 × 105 IU	C3H/He mice	Foot pad inoculation	Single	Serum neutralization assay with pNL4-3.luc.E-R-reporter-gene encoding retroviruses pseudo-typed with NiV F + NiV G glycoproteins	–	Defang et al. 2010
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), LaSota strains	NiVG and NiVF	108 EID50	Mice	Intramuscular	Single	Serum neutralization assay with VSVDGnGFP-NiV G/F pseudo- typed virus	–	Kong et al. 2012
		2 × 109 EID50	Pig	Intramuscular
Nipah virus-like particles (NiV-VLPs)	NiV G, F and M adjuvanted with Alum (50 µg -Alhydrogel 2%); MPLA (15 µg) and CpG ODN (40 µg)	30 µg VLP	Golden Syrian hamsters	Intramuscular	Three-dose vaccination schedule	∼16,000 PFU	Intraperitoneal	Walpita et al. 2017