Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by sex or BMI status
| Variables | Total (n = 163) | By obesity status | By sex | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal weight (n = 78) | Overweight/obese (n = 85) | Male (n = 71) | Female (n = 92) | ||
| Age (years) | 15.6 ± 3.2 | 15.5 ± 3.3 | 15.7 ± 3.2 | 15.7 ± 3.5 | 15.4 ± 2.9 |
| Sex (male/female), n (%) | 71 (44)/92 (56) | 28 (36)/50 (64) | 43 (51)/42 (49) | – | – |
| Lean/overweight and obese, n (%) | 79 (48)/85 (52) | – | – | 28 (39)/43(61) | 50 (54)/42 (46) |
| NGT/prediabetes, n (%) | 110 (79)/29 (21) | 57 (88)/8 (12) | 53 (72)/21 (28)* | 48 (80)/12 (20) | 62 (78)/17 (22) |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 25.0 ± 6.7 | 20.0 ± 2.6 | 29.5 ± 5.9** | 24.4 ± 6.9 | 25.6 ± 6.3 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 16.9 ± 11.5 | 9.0 ± 5.0 | 24.2 ± 11.0** | 17.9 ± 11.8 | 15.7 ± 11.1† |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.3 ± 17.4 | 72.29 ± 8.4 | 97.4 ± 14.6** | 82.9 ± 17.0 | 88.3 ± 17.5† |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 99.3 ± 15.0 | 89.3 ± 9.2 | 108.7 ± 13.3** | 98.1 ± 15.3 | 100.9 ± 14.6 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 112.5 ± 12.5 | 108.7 ± 10.4 | 116.0 ± 13.3** | 109.3 ± 9.9 | 116.5 ± 14.4†† |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 69.2 ± 8.9 | 67.2 ± 8.9 | 70.9 ± 8.7* | 69.4 ± 8.9 | 68.9 ± 9.1 |
| Triglyceride (mg dL−1) | 97.7 ± 50.9 | 83.7 ± 38.9 | 110.6 ± 57.0** | 97.7 ± 53.6 | 97.8 ± 47.5 |
| HDL (mg dL−1) | 45.1 ± 11.1 | 47.6 ± 11.7 | 42.7 ± 9.9* | 46.1 ± 11.1 | 43.7 ± 10.9 |
| LDL (mg dL−1) | 85.0 ± 23.8 | 80.3 ± 20.1 | 89.3 ± 26.0* | 85.9 ± 24.9 | 83.7 ± 22.4 |
| VLDL (mg dL−1) | 16.8 ± 9.7 | 14.9 ± 9.6 | 18.5 ± 9.5* | 16.4 ± 8.9 | 17.3 ± 10.6 |
| Total cholesterol (mg dL−1) | 150.2 ± 55.4 | 149.5 ± 73.5 | 150.7 ± 31.0 | 155.0 ± 69.7 | 143.9 ± 26.4 |
| ALT (U L−1) | 19.3 ± 13.6 | 16.2 ± 10.7 | 22.3 ± 15.3** | 17.2 ± 14.1 | 22.1 ± 12.6† |
| AST (U L−1) | 22.8 ± 9.3 | 22.8 ± 9.8 | 22.7 ± 8.9 | 21.9 ± 9.7 | 23.9 ± 8.7 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.3 |
| White blood cell (k mm−3) | 6.5 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 1.5 | 6.9 ± 1.4** | 6.5 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 1.6 |
| Adiponectin (μg mL−1) | 8.1 ± 3.6 | 9.3 ± 3.8 | 7.0 ± 2.9** | 8.7 ± 3.7 | 7.3 ± 3.3† |
| Fasting glucose (mg dL−1) | 90.6 ± 6.3 | 90.6 ± 5.9 | 90.7 ± 6.7 | 89.4 ± 6.3 | 92.4 ± 5.8† |
| Fasting insulin (μU mL−1) | 9.6 ± 7.5 | 7.3 ± 4.3 | 11.9 ± 9.2** | 8.9 ± 5.8 | 10.5 ± 9.3 |
| LTF (ng mL−1) | 1458.3 ± 834.5 | 1292.5 ± 647.8 | 1610.5 ± 953.5* | 1479.8 ± 780.1 | 1430.49 ± 905.0 |
Data are means ± standard deviation, n (%). Glycaemic status data were not available on 24 of the 163 participants.
*
P < 0.05 after adjusting age and sex.
**
P < 0.001 after adjusting age and sex.
†
P < 0.05 after adjusting age and BMI.
††
P < 0.001 after adjusting age and BMI.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LTF, lactoferrin; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; prediabetes, impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.