Table 2.
Contents of endogenous melatonin in different post-harvest vegetables.
| Common name | Scientific name | Tissue | Analytical method | Harvesting place/time/plant developmental stage | Melatonin content (ng/g) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anise | Pimpinela anisum | Seeds | HPLC/MS | – | 7 DW | Manchester et al., 2000 |
| Asparagus | Asparagus officinalis | Stems | HPLC-FD | – | 0.01 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 |
| Asparagus officinalis | Stems | RIA | – | 9.5 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 | |
| Basidiomycota | Armillaria mellea | Pileus | HPLC | Poland; Autumn 2008 | <10 DW | Muszynska and Sulkowska-Ziaja, 2012 |
| Boletus badius | Pileus | HPLC | Poland; Autumn 2008 | <10 DW | Muszynska and Sulkowska-Ziaja, 2012 | |
| Boletus edulis | Pileus | HPLC | Poland; Autumn 2008 | 6,800 ± 60 DW | Muszynska and Sulkowska-Ziaja, 2012 | |
| Cantharellus cibarius | Pileus | HPLC | Poland; Autumn 2008 | 1,400 ± 110 DW | Muszynska and Sulkowska-Ziaja, 2012 | |
| Lactarius deliciosus | Pileus | HPLC | Poland; Autumn 2008 | 12,900 ± 770 DW | Muszynska and Sulkowska-Ziaja, 2012 | |
| Pleurotus ostreatus | Pileus | HPLC | Poland; Autumn 2008 | <10 DW | Muszynska and Sulkowska-Ziaja, 2012 | |
| Agaricus bisporus | Pileus | RP-HPLC | – | 4,300 – 6,400 DW | Muszynska et al., 2016 | |
| Beetroot | Beta vulgaris | Roots | GC/MS | Germany | 0.002 | Dubbels et al., 1995 |
| Black mustard | Brassica nigra | Seeds | HPLC/MS | – | 129 DW | Manchester et al., 2000 |
| Cabbage | Brassica oleracea | Leaves | HPLC-FD | – | 0.11 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 |
| Brassica oleraceae cv. Capitata | Leaves | GC-MS | Egypt | 0.31 FW | Badria, 2002 | |
| Chinese cabbage | Raphamus sativas | Leaves | HPLC-FD | – | 0.11 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 |
| Cardamom | Elettaria cardamomum | Seeds | HPLC/MS | – | 15 DW | Manchester et al., 2000 |
| Carrot | Daucus carota | Roots | GC-MS | Egypt | 0.50 FW | Badria, 2002 |
| Daucus carota | Roots | HPLC-FD | – | 0.06 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 | |
| Not specified | Roots | GC/MS | – | 0.06 WW | Simopoulos et al., 2005 | |
| Cauliflower | Brassica oleraceae cv. botrytis | Flowers | GC-MS | Egypt | 0.82 FW | Badria, 2002 |
| Celery | Apium gravolens | Seeds | HPLC/MS | – | 7 DW | Manchester et al., 2000 |
| Coriander | Coriandrum sativum | Seeds | HPLC/MS | – | 7DW | Manchester et al., 2000 |
| Cucumber | Cucumis sativus | Fruits | GC-MS | Egypt | 0.59 FW | Badria, 2002 |
| Cucumis sativus | Fruits | HPLC-FD | – | 0.03 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 | |
| Cucumis sativus | Fruits | GC-MS | Germany | 0.10 FW | Dubbels et al., 1995 | |
| Not specified | Fruits | GC/MS | – | 0.03 WW | Simopoulos et al., 2005 | |
| Date palm | Phoenix dactylifera | Fruits | HPLC | Spain | 0.01 – 0.17FW | Verde et al., 2018 |
| Fennel | Foeniculum vulgare | Seeds | HPLC/MS | – | 28 DW | Manchester et al., 2000 |
| Fenugreek | Brassica nigra | Seeds | HPLC/MS | – | 43 DW | Manchester et al., 2000 |
| Garlic | Allium sativum | Bulbs | GC-MS | Egypt | 0.59 FW | Badria, 2002 |
| Ginger | Zingiber officinale | Roots | HPLC-FD | – | 0.58 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 |
| Zingiber officinale | Roots | GC-MS | Egypt | 1.42 FW | Badria, 2002 | |
| Kidney bean | Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinta | Cotyledon | ELISA | Spain | 529.1 ± 27.5 DW | Aguilera et al., 2016 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinta | Cotyledon | HPLC-MS/MS | Spain | 529 DW | Aguilera et al., 2015 | |
| Lentil | Lens culinaris cv. Salmantina | Seeds | HPLC-MS/MS | Spain | 1,089.8 DW | Aguilera et al., 2015 |
| Not specified | Seeds | RIA | – | 0.92 ± 0.06 DW | ||
| Milk thistle | Silybum marianum | Seeds | HPLC/MS | – | 2 DW | Manchester et al., 2000 |
| Onion | Allium fistulosum | Bulbs | HPLC-FD | – | 0.09 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 |
| Allium cepa | Bulbs | HPLC-FD | – | 0.03 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 | |
| Allium cepa | Bulbs | GC-MS | Egypt | 0.30 FW | Badria, 2002 | |
| Not specified | Bulbs | GC/MS | – | 0.03 WW | Simopoulos et al., 2005 | |
| Pepper | Capsicum annuum cv. Sena | Fruits | HPLC–FD | Turkey; 6 DAF Turkey; 30 DAF Turkey; red mature stage | 31.7 – 42.1 FW 9.1 FW 20.1 FW | Korkmaz et al., 2014 |
| Capsicum annuum cv. Mert | Fruits | HPLC–FD | Turkey; 6 DAF Turkey; 26 DAF Turkey; red mature stage | 31.2 FW 7.3 FW 19.8 FW | Korkmaz et al., 2014 | |
| Capsicum annuum cv. Barranca | Fruits | UHPLC-MS/MS | Spain | 4.48 FW, 31.01 DW | Riga et al., 2014 | |
| Capsicum annuum cv. Cristal | Fruits | UHPLC-MS/MS | Spain | 7.72 FW | Riga et al., 2014 | |
| Capsicum annuum cv. F26 | Fruits | UHPLC-MS/MS | Spain | 11.9 FW, 93.4 DW | Riga et al., 2014 | |
| Capsicum annuum cv. Velero | Fruits | UHPLC-MS/MS | Spain | 6.23 FW | Riga et al., 2014 | |
| Purslane | Portulaca oleracea | Leaves | GC/MS | – | 19 WW | Simopoulos et al., 2005 |
| Radish | Bassica campestris | Fruits | HPLC-FD | – | 0.66 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 |
| Raphanus sativus | Roots | HPLC/MS | – | 0.6 – 485 | Chen et al., 2003 | |
| Raphanus sativus | Fruits | GC-MS | Egypt | 0.76 FW | Badria, 2002 | |
| Spinach | Basella alba | Leaves | HPLC-FD | – | 0.04 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 |
| Not specified | Leaves | GC/MS | – | 0.04 WW | Simopoulos et al., 2005 | |
| Soya bean | Glycine max | Seeds | RIA | – | 1.89 ± 0.11 DW | |
| Taro | Colocasis escutenta | Corm | HPLC-FD | – | 0.06 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 |
| Tomato | Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium | Fruits | GC-MS | Germany | 0.11 | Dubbels et al., 1995 |
| Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Sweet 100 | Fruits | GC/MS | Germany | 0.51 | Dubbels et al., 1995 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rutgers California Supreme | Fruits | GC/MS | Germany | 0.17 | Dubbels et al., 1995 | |
| Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom | Fruits | EIA | – | 1.5 – 66.6 FW | Okazaki and Ezura, 2009 | |
| Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom | Fruits | HPLC | About 34 DAF | 6.58 FW | Wang et al., 2014 | |
| Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom | Fruits | HPLC | About 34 DAF | 7.39 – 10.34 FW | Wang et al., 2014 | |
| Solanum lycopersicum | Fruits | RIA | – | 0.03 | Hattori et al., 1995 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum | Fruits | HPLC-FD | – | 0.03 FW | Hattori et al., 1995 | |
| Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium | Fruits | LC-MS | Egypt | 0.302 FW | Badria, 2002 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Borsalina | Fruits | LC-MS; LC-FD | Spain; January 2009 | 8.2 ± 0.6 FW | Stürtz et al., 2011 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Bond | Fruits | LC-MS; LC-FD | Spain; January 2009 | 23.87 ± 2.02 FW | Stürtz et al., 2011 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Catalina | Fruits | LC-MS; LC-FD | Spain; January 2009 | 4.1 ± 0.9 FW | Stürtz et al., 2011 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Gordal | Fruits | LC-MS; LC-FD | Spain; January 2009 | 17.10 ± 1.21 FW | Stürtz et al., 2011 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Lucinda | Fruits | LC-MS; LC-FD | Spain; January 2009 | 4.45 ± 0.05 FW | Stürtz et al., 2011 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Marbone | Fruits | LC-MS; LC-FD | Spain; January 2009 Spain; February 2010 | 18.13 ± 2.24 FW 114.5 ± 3.7 FW | Stürtz et al., 2011 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Myriade | Fruits | LC-MS; LC-FD | Spain; January and February 2009 | 8.0 ± 1.3 FW | Stürtz et al., 2011 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pitenza | Fruits | LC-MS; LC-FD | Spain; January 2009 Spain; February 2010 | 14.2 ± 0.7 FW 14.0 ± 2.5 FW | Stürtz et al., 2011 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Santonio | Fruits | LC-MS; LC-FD | Spain; January and February 2009 | 7.73 ± 1.22 FW | Stürtz et al., 2011 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Platero | Fruits | LC-MS; LC-FD | Spain; February 2010 | 13.6 ± 2.5 FW | Stürtz et al., 2011 | |
| Lycopersicon esculentum cv. RAF | Fruits | LC-MS; LC-FD | Spain; February 2010 | 50.1 ± 6.7 FW | Stürtz et al., 2011 | |
| Solanum lycopersicum cv. Ciliegia | Fruits | UHPLC-MS/MS | Spain | 0.64 FW 7.47 DW | Riga et al., 2014 | |
| Solanum lycopersicum cv. Optima | Fruits | UHPLC-MS/MS | Spain | 14.77 FW 249.98 DW | Riga et al., 2014 | |
| Not specified | Fruits | LC-MS/MS | Germany | 0.03 ± 0.01 DW | Kocadagli et al., 2014 | |
| Turnip | Brassica rapa | Roots | GC-MS | Egypt | 0.50 FW | Badria, 2002 |
| Vetch | Vicia sativa | Seeds | RIA | – | 1.91 ± 0.11 DW | |
| White mustard | Brassica hirta | Seeds | HPLC/MS | – | 189 DW | Manchester et al., 2000 |
FW, fresh weight; DW, dry weight; WW, wet weight; DAF, day after flowering.