Table 1.
Characteristics of Geisinger Health System patients at the time of prescription for an opioid or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, before and after propensity matching
| Covariables | Before Propensity Matching | After Propensity Matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| People Prescribed Opioids (n=32,895) | People Prescribed NSAIDs (n=37,525) | Standardized Mean Difference | People Prescribed Opioids (n=23,123) | People Prescribed NSAIDs (n=23,123) | Standardized Mean Difference | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 57 (17) | 52 (16) | 35 | 54 (17) | 54 (16) | −1 |
| Female (N [%]) | 17,665 (54%) | 21,375 (57%) | −7 | 12,920 (56%) | 12,932 (56%) | 0 |
| Black race (N [%]) | 843 (3%) | 1317 (4%) | −6 | 674 (3%) | 708 (3%) | −1 |
| Baseline eGFR (mean in ml/min per 1.73 m2 [SD]) | 84 (25) | 92 (21) | −33 | 89 (23) | 89 (21) | 1 |
| Body mass index (mean in kg/m2 [SD]) | 30.8 (7.7) | 31.2 (7.4) | −6 | 31.0 (7.6) | 31.0 (7.1) | 0 |
| Systolic BP (mean in mm Hg [SD]) | 128 (18) | 125 (16) | 15 | 127 (17) | 127 (16) | 1 |
| Diastolic BP (mean in mm Hg [SD]) | 74 (11) | 75 (10) | −9 | 75 (10) | 75 (10) | −5 |
| HDL (mean in mg/dl [SD]) | 50 (16) | 51 (16) | −7 | 51 (12) | 51 (13) | −3 |
| Total cholesterol (mean in mg/dl [SD]) | 183 (42) | 190 (40) | −18 | 187 (31) | 186 (32) | 0 |
| Random glucose (mean in mg/dl [SD]) | 108 (35) | 102 (28) | 18 | 105 (31) | 105 (31) | −1 |
| Alcohol consumption (N [%]) | 13,147 (45%) | 17,145 (51%) | −12 | 11,193 (48%) | 11,242 (49%) | 0 |
| Current cigarette use (N [%]) | 6721 (20%) | 7841 (21%) | −1 | 5097 (22%) | 5076 (22%) | 0 |
| Former cigarette use (N [%]) | 10,340 (31%) | 9955 (27%) | 11 | 6845 (30%) | 6811 (29%) | 0 |
| Antihypertensive prescription (N [%]) | 18,509 (56%) | 16,208 (43%) | 26 | 11,299 (49%) | 11,399 (49%) | −1 |
| Antidyslipidemic prescription (N [%]) | 13,227 (40%) | 11,982 (32%) | 17 | 8035 (35%) | 8212 (36%) | −2 |
| Antidiabetic prescription (N [%]) | 6730 (20%) | 5121 (14%) | 18 | 3741 (16%) | 3817 (17%) | −1 |
| Coronary artery disease (N [%]) | 5560 (17%) | 2251 (6%) | 35 | 1921 (8%) | 2027 (9%) | −2 |
| Congestive heart failure (N [%]) | 1643 (5%) | 377 (1%) | 24 | 295 (1%) | 349 (2%) | −2 |
| Cardiovascular disease (N [%]) | 2544 (8%) | 1098 (3%) | 22 | 2907 (13%) | 3092 (13%) | −2 |
| Peripheral artery disease (N [%]) | 1154 (4%) | 428 (1%) | 16 | 361 (2%) | 388 (2%) | −1 |
| Major depressive disorder (N [%]) | 5153 (16%) | 5816 (15%) | 0 | 3775 (16%) | 3768 (16%) | 0 |
| Diabetes (N [%]) | 3676 (11%) | 2441 (7%) | 17 | 1899 (8%) | 1945 (8%) | −1 |
| Hypertension (N [%]) | 9205 (28%) | 7484 (20%) | 19 | 5543 (24%) | 5570 (24%) | 0 |
| Osteoporosis (N [%]) | 2319 (7%) | 1925 (5%) | 8 | 1419 (6%) | 1438 (6%) | 0 |
| Myalgias (N [%]) | 1792 (5%) | 2317 (6%) | −3 | 1358 (6%) | 1369 (6%) | 0 |
| Amputations (N [%]) | 90 (0%) | 7 (0%) | 7 | 35 (0%) | 5 (0%) | 4 |
Percentages reflect column-wide percentages. NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.