Table 1.
Characteristics of the collected studies on neonatal sepsis and bloodstream infections incidence rate in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries (in alphabetical order).
| Country | Population: Criteria of Including | National/Regional Network or Database | Case Definition | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austraila & N. Zealand, 2002–2012 | all inborn babies | Australasian Study Group for Neonatal Infections (ASGNI) | EOS: 48 h of life | [11] |
| Australia, 2008–2016 | CLABSI and PLABSI in neonatal ICUs | Victorian Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System | CDC definitions, NHSN methodology, LOS: 48 h of life | [12] |
| Australia & N. Zeland, 2005–2007 | all inborn babies, born <32 weeks of gestation | 29 tertiary NICUs | EOS: 48 h of life | [13] |
| Austria, 1988–1994 | all babies | 1 center study | EOS: <7 days of life | [14] |
| Belgium, 2002–2011 | all infants, inborn or hospitalised for at least 3 days | 1 center study: tertiaty NICU | LOS: more than 72 h of life, only laboratory-confirmed BSI | [15] |
| Canada, 2005–2007 | all inborn babies, born <32 weeks of gestation | 26 tertiary NICUs | EOS: 72 h of life | [13] |
| Denmark, 2010–2013 | all infants, inborn or hospitalised born <28 weeks of gestation | 1 center study: tertiaty NICU | EOS: <7 days of life, only laboratory-confirmed BSI | [16] |
| Denmark, 2005 | all infants, inborn or hospitalised | 1 center study: tertiaty NICU | LOS: more than 48 h of life, only laboratory-confirmed BSI | [17] |
| Estonia, 2004–2008 | all inborn babies | 1 center study: NICU and paediatric intensive care unit | CDC definitions, only laboratory-confirmed BSI | [18] |
| Finland, 1999–2006 | all inborn babies | 1 center study | CDC definitions, only laboratory-confirmed BSI | [19] |
| France, 2004–2005 | all inborn babies | Alsace, 9 tertiary NICUs | EOS: 72 h of life | [20] |
| France, 2007 | all inborn babies | Alsace, 9 tertiary NICUs | LOS: between 72 h and 90 days of life | [21] |
| Germany, 2000–2005 | VLBW infants | Neo-KISS | Neo-KISS definition, LOS: more than 72 h of life | [22] |
| Germany, 2010--2011 | VLBW infants | Neo-KISS | Neo-KISS definition, LOS: more than 72 h of life | [23] |
| Greek, 2012–2015 | neonates admitted to participating NNUs | 16 NICUs participating in the neonIN infection surveillance network | EOS: 48 h of life, positive blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine culture and were treated with at least 5 days of antibiotics | [24] |
| Ireland, 2001–2014 | all newborn infants, only “culture-proven” | 1 center study: tertiaty NICU | EOS: <7 days of life, LOS more than 7 days of life only laboratory-confirmed BSI | [25] |
| Israel, 1995–1998 | VLBW infants survived at least 3 days | national cohort | LOS: more than 72 h of life | [26] |
| Israel, 1995–2005 | VLBW infants | Israel Neonatal Network | undefined | [27] |
| Israel, 2007–2013 | population-based study | 1 center study | EOS: <7 days of life | [28] |
| Italy, 2006–2010 | all inborn babies | 1 center study | CLABSI only | [29] |
| Japan, 2006 to 2008 | all newborn infants, only “culture-proven” | 5 NICUs | only laboratory-confirmed BSI | [30] |
| Mexico, 2004–2007 | neonates admitted to the neonatal ICUs | 1 center study | LOS: more than 72 h of life | [31] |
| Netherlands, 2007 | all infants with catheter | 1 center study | CLABSI only | [32] |
| North America, 1997–2010 | VLBW infants | 313 NICUs | LOS: more than 72 h of life, only laboratory-confirmed BSI | [33] |
| Norwey, 1999–2000 | all infants with gestational age of <28 weeks or birth weight of <1000 g | national cohort of extremely premature infants | EOS: diagnosed to day 7 of life | [34,35] |
| Poland, 2009 | VLBW infants | Polish Neonatology Surveillance Network | Neo-KISS definition, EOS: 72 h of life | [36,37] |
| South America countries, 2001–2013 | inborn VLBW infants | 26 tertiary NICUs | LOS: more than 72 h of life | [38] |
| South Korea, 1997–1999 | all infants, inborn or hospitalised | 4 neonatal centers | LOS: more than 72 h of life | [39] |
| Spain, 2002–2005 | VLBW infants | SEN1500 network by Spanish Society of Neonatology | undefined | [40] |
| Sweden, 2004–2007 | extremely premature infants, born before 27 weeks of gestation and survived their first year of life | nationwide Swedish prospective cohort study | only clinical sepsis with negative blood culture and treated for a min. of 5 days | [41] |
| Switzerland, 2011–2015 | all newborn infants admitted to tertiary care ICUs | the Swiss Pediatric Sepsis Study | EOS: 72 h of life and/or LOS if onset of infection was ≤48 h after admission, only laboratory-confirmed BSI | [42] |
| Turkey, 2003–2010 | preterm infants with gestational age of <37 weeks, only “culture-proven” | 1 center study | EOS: 72 h of life, LOS more than 72 h of life, only laboratory-confirmed BSI | [43] |
| United Kingdom, 2005–2014 | undefined | neonIN: 30 NICUs | only laboratory-confirmed BSI treated with at least 5 days of appropriate antibiotics | [44] |
| USA, 1998–2000 | VLBW and extremely premature infants | national: NICHD Neonatal Research Network | EOS: 72 h of life | [45] |
CLABSI, central line-associated bloodstream infection; PLABSI, peripheral venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection; EOS, early-onset sepsis; CDC, Centers for Disease Control; LOS, late-onset sepsis; VLBW, very low birth weight; BSI, bloodstream infection; NICU, neonatal intensive care units,