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. 2019 Oct 15;8(10):1690. doi: 10.3390/jcm8101690

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The subjects in the upper-left quadrant have only vasoconstriction in response to head-up-tilt on tilt table testing, in comparison to the normal response of increase in heart rate and vasoconstriction in the upper-right quadrant. The subjects in the vasoconstriction-only group are almost exclusively SCD individuals. Having parasympathetic activity in the lower 10th percentile gives an SCD individual 76% probability of having a vasoconstriction-only phenotype (p < 0.01). (After [55] with permission).