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. 2019 Oct 6;8(10):1634. doi: 10.3390/jcm8101634

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Circadian patterns of the nine circadian clock genes in human peripheral blood (PB) of 133 patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and 11 normal controls (individuals without OSA). The nine circadian clock genes are BMAL1 (A), CK1ε (B), CLOCK (C), CRY1 (D), CRY2 (E), PER1 (F), PER2 (G), PER3 (H) and TIM (I). The x-axis indicates the time points that PB samples were collected. The y-axis represents the relative mRNA expression level. The value of the mRNA expression at 6 PM in normal controls is designated 1, and the levels of all other mRNA expressions are calibrated to this value. The p values indicated were evaluated with Repeated-measures ANOVA. The numbers in brackets are p values of group × time interaction and partial η2, respectively. ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05.