Table 1.

Viraemia and active immune response in pigs after Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) experimental infection.

Protocol	Viraemia			Immune Response		Reference
	Test	Detection Period	Peak Value	Test	Antibody Detection
5 sows, IV inoculation, Kanagawa strain, bled daily	ICISM	1–4 dpi	NA	VN in mice	>7 dpi	[51]
4 piglets, SC inoculation, M5/596 and pig9 strains, bled daily	ICISM	For 4 days	2.6 log LD50/0.03 mL	HIA	7–35 * dpi	[47]
2 piglets, SC inoculation, 9215 strain, bled daily	ICISM	1–4 dpi	NA	HIA	All positive at 7 dpi	[52]
6 piglets, SC inoculation, Nakayama strain, bled daily	ICISM + RT-PCR	2–5 dpi	NA	SNT	All positive at 14 dpi	[53]
12 piglets, IV + ID inoculation, Nakayama strain, bled daily	RT-PCR	1–5 dpi	10^4 U/mL **	SNT	3–11 * dpi	[22]
10 piglets, IV inoculation, JE-91 strain, bled daily	RT-PCR	3–5 dpi	10^3.5 U/mL **	SNT	All positive at 28 dpi	[54]

IV—intravenous; SC—subcutaneous; ID—intradermal; LD₅₀—50% lethal dose; TCID₅₀—50% tissue culture infective dose; ICISM—intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice; RT-PCR—reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; VN—virus neutralization; HIA—hemagglutination inhibition assay; SNT—seroneutralization test; dpi—day post-infection; *All piglets positive at the date when monitoring ended; ** One U was defined as the viral RNA quantity corresponding to 1 TCID50 of the virus preparation used as the standard by the authors; NA: non-applicable, when viraemia detection was qualitative.