Figure 1.

Cytotoxicity and metabolic activity of Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells following exposure to deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and patulin (PA). Percent cell death in MDBK populations treated with DON (A), ZEN (B), FB1 (C), or PA (D); cell death was significantly increased when compared to control populations when cells were exposed to DON, ZEN, and PA. Metabolic activity was significantly reduced following exposure to DON (E), FB1 (G), and PA (H) but not ZEN (F). Data are shown from four replicate experiments and are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. O.D. = optical density.