Table 4.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of limonin in animals after oral administration.

Inclusion of Drug Components	Oral Dosage	Animal Model	Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Limonin	Ref.
Limonin	19 mg/kg	Wistar rats	Cmax = 67.8 ± 46.2 ng/L, Tmax = 0.3 ± 0.2 h, T1/2 = 4.9 ± 1.9 h	[112]
Limonin	10 mg/kg	Beagle dogs	Cmax = 28.68 ± 12.99 ng/L, Tmax = 2.17 ± 0.76 h, T1/2 = 6.47 ± 2.08 h, AUC0–∞ = 128.30 ± 65.34 ng h/mL	[113]
Limonin	30 mg/kg	Beagle dogs	Cmax = 34.78 ± 13.36 ng/L, Tmax = 17 ± 1.85 h, T1/2 = 2.48 ± 0.12 h	[117]
Cortex Dictamni extract	0.424 g/kg (38 mg/kg of limonin)	Male Sprague–Dawley rat	Cmax = 419 ± 97.4 ng/L, Tmax = 0.78 ± 0.17 h, T1/2 = 8.7 ± 2.15 h, AUC0–∞ = 1559 ng h/mL	[3]
Wu-Zhu-Yu decoction	6.67 g/kg	Normal Male Sprague–Dawley rats	Cmax = 630.9 ± 446.0 ng/L, Tmax = 1.76 ± 2.16 h, T1/2 = 34.59 ± 6.10 h	[131]
Wu-Zhu-Yu decoction	6.67 g/kg	Headache male Sprague–Dawley rats	Cmax = 550.8 ± 319.0 ng/L, Tmax = 0.73 ± 0.37 h, T1/2 = 49.32 ± 23.63 h	[131]
Limonin	11.8 mg/kg	Male and female Sprague–Dawley rats	Cmax = 41.61 ± 7.48 ng/L, Tmax = 0.63 ± 0.14 h, T1/2 = 4.25 ± 1.72 h	[134]

C_max: maximum plasma concentration; T_max: the time of maximum plasma concentration; AUC_0–∞: the area under the plasma concentration time curve from 0 to ∞; T_1/2: the elimination half-life.