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Directed acyclic graph of hypothesized relationships among stx genotype (exposure, green oval with triangle), HUS (outcome, blue oval with bar), and covariates. Age confounds the genotype-HUS relationship. There is a potential indirect pathway from genotype to HUS through symptoms (e.g., blood in stool, vomiting, fever) and clinical management (e.g., antibiotic use, intravenous fluid administration). Abbreviation: HUS, hemolytic uremic syndrome.
