Table 1.
Clinical, demographic, and anatomical parameters of the patients whose hearts were included in the histology study.
| Cardiomyopathy (n = 50) | Controls (n = 18) | Normal Values | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (Yr) | 51.6 ± 13.9 | 40.7 ± 12.4 | - | 0.0068 |
| Sex (M/F) | 40/10 | 8/10 | - | 0.0072 |
| Duration of disease (Years) | 8.36 ± 6.54 | - | - | |
| NYHA class (%) | ||||
| II | 9 | - | - | - |
| III | 67 | - | - | - |
| IV | 24 | - | - | - |
| Echocardiography § | ||||
| Left ventricular diameter (mm) | ||||
| Systolic | 62.7 ± 12.1 | - | 21.6–34.8 | - |
| Diastolic | 74.0 ± 11.3 | - | 37.8–52.2 | - |
| Left ventricular Volumes (mL) | ||||
| End Diastolic | 197 ± 75 | - | 46–106 | - |
| End Systolic | 149 ± 60 | - | 14–42 | - |
| LV Ejection Fraction (%) | 23 ± 7 | - | 54–74 | - |
| Hemodynamics ‡ | ||||
| Pulmonary Artery Pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| Systolic | 41.92 ± 13.59 | - | 15–25 | - |
| Diastolic | 22.15 ± 10.31 | - | 8–12 | - |
| Mean | 29.45 ± 11.18 | - | 10–20 | - |
| PCWP (mmHg) | 21.56 ± 10.42 | - | 6–12 | - |
| CI (L⋅min−1⋅m−2) | 2.37 ± 0.73 | - | 2.5–4.0 | - |
| Gross Anatomy † | ||||
| Heart Weight (g) | 494 ± 161 | 334 ± 109 | 196–516 | 0.0011 |
| Transverse diameter (mm) | 129 ± 16 | 100 ± 20 | - | <0.0001 |
| Inner longitudinal diameter (mm) | 94 ± 16 | 73 ± 3 | - | <0.0001 |
| Wall thickness (mm) | ||||
| LV | 9.5 ± 2.1 | 13 ± 1.2 | - | 0.0073 |
| RV | 4.1 ± 1.9 | 3.3 ± 1.5 | - | n.s. |
| Septum | 11.5 ± 2.4 | 12.0 ± 2.0 | - | n.s. |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| BMI>30 (%) | 7.5 | |||
| Arrhythmia (%) | 75.6 | |||
| Mitral Insufficiency (%) | 82.6 | |||
| Chronic Kidney Failure (%) | 4.5 | |||
| BPCO (%) | 6.8 | |||
| Smoke | 4.5 | |||
| Hypothyroidism | 9.1 | |||
| Hyperthyroidism | 2.3 | |||
| Hypertension (%) | 2.3 | |||
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 20.5 | |||
| Diabetes (%) | 11.4 | |||
| Pharmacological therapy | ||||
| ACE-I/ARB (%) | 82.5 | |||
| β-Blockers (%) | 58.5 | |||
| Digitalis (%) | 80.5 | |||
| Dobutamine (%) | 30 | |||
| Amiodarone (%) | 56.1 | |||
| Antialdosteronic (%) | 67.5 | |||
| K Sparing diuretics (%) | 12.5 | |||
| Loop diuretics (%) | 97.5 | |||
| Insulin / Antidiabetics (%) | 7.5 | |||
| Statins (%) | 0 | |||
| Oral Anticoagulants (%) | 57.5 | |||
| Tiroxin (%) | 9.8 | |||
Legend: NYHA- New York Heart Association Functional Classification; Normal value as in: (§) Lang, R.M.; Badano, L.P.; Mor-Avi, V.; Afilalo, J.; Armstrong, A.; Ernande, L.; Flachskampf, F.A.; Foster, E.; Goldstein, S.A.; Kuznetsova, T.; et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: An update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2015, 16, 233–270. (‡) Bangalore, S.; Bhatt, D.L. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Right heart catheterization, coronary angiography, and percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2011, 124, e428–433. (†) Sheppard, M. Practical Cardiovascular Pathology, 2nd ed.; Taylor & Francis: London, UK, 2011.