Table 1.
Patient characteristics, iron status, biomarker levels, and diastolic function indices on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), according to heart failure category.
| Total Cohort | HFrEF, 160 (33%) |
HFpEF, 270 (55%) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | ||||
| LVEF (%) | 48 ± 16 | 27 ± 6 | 60 ± 6 | <0.001 * |
| Age, year | 78 ± 11 | 75 ± 12 | 80 ± 10 | <0.001* |
| Female sex, n (%) | 217 (43%) | 48 (30%) | 141 (52%) | <0.001 * |
| NYHA class, I/II/III/IV (%) | 2/6/37/55 | 1/7/40/52 | 1/7/38/54 | 0.97 |
| Length of stay, days | 11 ± 9 | 11 ± 8 | 10 ± 8 | 0.34 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 177 (36%) | 65 (42%) | 83 (32%) | 0.054 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 393 (79%) | 111 (70%) | 223 (84%) | <0.001 * |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 157 (31%) | 47 (30%) | 87 (32%) | 0.61 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 231 (47%) | 69 (45%) | 130 (49%) | 0.49 |
| Active/past smoker, n (%) | 288 (60%) | 106 (68%) | 145 (56%) | 0.019 * |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 175 (36%) | 49 (31%) | 105 (40%) | 0.081 |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter, n (%) | 222 (45%) | 58 (36%) | 132 (50%) | 0.01 * |
| COPD, n (%) | 73 (15%) | 21 (14%) | 38 (16%) | 0.61 |
| Iron studies | ||||
| Iron deficiency, n (%) | 239 (57%) | 73 (54%) | 123 (56%) | 0.88 |
| Absolute iron deficiency, n (%) | 165 (38%) | 49 (37%) | 82 (41%) | 0.64 |
| Functional iron deficiency, n (%) | 74 (18%) | 24 (18%) | 30 (15%) | 0.61 |
| Haemoglobin level, g/mL | 123 ± 23 | 129 ± 20 | 121 ± 23 | <0.001 * |
| Biomarker levels | ||||
| CRP, mg/L | 11.4 ± 27.6 | 9.4 ± 19.8 | 12.1 ± 31.5 | 0.064 |
| BNP, ng/L | 857 ± 885 | 1279 ± 974 | 648 ± 687 | <0.001 * |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 3926 ± 6763 | 7340 ± 8020 | 2695 ± 5171 | <0.001 * |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; BMI, body mass index; LV, left ventricle; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; LAVI, left atrial volume index; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography; RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure; CRP, C-reactive protein, BNP, brain natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of BNP. * denotes p-value less than the significance threshold of <0.05.