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. 2019 Oct 11;11(10):933. doi: 10.3390/v11100933

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Schematic representation of the bivalent equine influenza virus (EIV) live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV): To generate the clade 1 A/equine/Ohio/1/2003 H3N8 LAIV (Ohio/03 LAIV; top right), the temperature sensitive (ts), cold adapted (ca), and attenuated (att) mutations of the human A/Ann Arbor/6/60 H2N2 LAIV were introduced into the PB2 (N265S) and PB1 (K391E, E581G, and A661T) segments of A/equine/Ohio/1/2003 H3N8 wild-type (WT) (Ohio/03 WT; top left). Ohio/03 LAIV was used as a master donor virus (MDV) to generate clade 2 A/Richmond/1/2007 H3N8 LAIV (Rich/07 LAIV; bottom right), containing the six internal genes (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M, and NS) from Ohio/03 LAIV and the hemagglutination assay (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) (red) of A/Equine/Richmond/1/2007 H3N8 WT (Rich/07 WT; bottom left). The bivalent EIV LAIV is made by combining Ohio/03 and Rich/07 monovalent LAIVs.