Table 1.
Comparisons of baseline characteristics according to frailty status and between participants with and without disability.
| Between the Frailty Status | Between the Participants with and without Disability Incidence | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group R (n = 3151) | Group PhF (n = 139) | Group D (n = 690) | Group PF (n = 146) | p Value | Participants with Dementia (n = 385) | Participants without Dementia (n = 3741) | p Value | |
| Demographic variables | ||||||||
| Age, years | 71.1 ± 4.8 | 77.7 ± 6.6 | 72.4 ± 5.7 | 77.1 ± 6.3 | <0.001 | 77.7 ± 6.2 | 71.1 ± 4.9 | <0.001 |
| Sex, male | 1567 (49.7) | 59 (42.4) | 338 (49.0) | 66 (45.2) | 0.280 | 1880 (50.3) | 150 (39.0) | <0.001 |
| Education, years | 11.6 ± 2.5 | 10.4 ± 2.7 | 11.0 ± 2.4 | 10.3 ± 2.5 | <0.001 | 10.2 ± 2.5 | 11.6 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
| Medication, n | 1.8 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 2.5 | 2.2 ± 2.2 | 2.9 ± 2.6 | <0.001 | 2.8 ± 2.5 | 1.8 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| Smoking, yes | 305 (9.7) | 16 (11.5) | 74 (10.7) | 11 (7.5) | 0.570 | 380 (10.2) | 26 (6.8) | 0.033 |
| Living alone, yes | 261 (8.3) | 19 (13.7) | 97 (14.1) | 13 (8.9) | <0.001 | 330 (8.8) | 60 (15.6) | <0.001 |
| Primary diseases or geriatric syndromes | ||||||||
| Heart disease, yes | 471 (14.9) | 25 (18.0) | 113 (16.4) | 40 (27.4) | 0.001 | 571 (15.3) | 78 (20.3) | 0.010 |
| Pulmonary disease, yes | 317 (10.1) | 20 (14.4) | 90 (13.0) | 21 (14.4) | 0.027 | 401 (10.7) | 47 (12.2) | 0.371 |
| Hypertension, yes | 1353 (42.9) | 71 (51.1) | 316 (45.8) | 79 (54.1) | 0.011 | 1616 (43.2) | 203 (52.7) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, yes | 395 (12.5) | 28 (20.1) | 90 (13.0) | 37 (25.3) | <0.001 | 478 (12.8) | 72 (18.7) | 0.001 |
| Osteoarthritis, yes | 389 (12.3) | 25 (18.0) | 117 (17.0) | 27 (18.5) | 0.001 | 489 (13.1) | 69 (17.9) | 0.008 |
| Fall history, yes | 365 (11.6) | 35 (25.2) | 141 (20.4) | 41 (28.1) | <0.001 | 488 (13.0) | 94 (24.4) | <0.001 |
| Lifestyle activity | ||||||||
| Going out using the bus or train, no | 224 (7.1) | 27 (19.4) | 91 (13.2) | 35 (24.0) | <0.001 | 316 (8.4) | 61 (15.8) | <0.001 |
| Cash handling and banking, no | 289 (9.2) | 23 (16.5) | 87 (12.6) | 18 (12.3) | 0.002 | 377 (10.1) | 40 (10.4) | 0.847 |
| Driving a car, no | 757 (24.0) | 78 (56.1) | 244 (35.4) | 76 (52.1) | <0.001 | 950 (25.4) | 205 (53.2) | <0.001 |
| Using maps to go to unfamiliar places, no | 1029 (32.7) | 81 (58.3) | 318 (46.1) | 89 (61.0) | <0.001 | 1299 (34.7) | 218 (56.6) | <0.001 |
| Reading books or newspapers, no | 101 (3.2) | 10 (7.2) | 33 (4.8) | 18 (12.3) | <0.001 | 137 (3.7) | 25 (6.5) | 0.006 |
| Cognitive stimulation such as board games and learning, no | 1385 (44.0) | 94 (67.6) | 481 (69.7) | 113 (77.4) | <0.001 | 1828 (48.9) | 245 (63.6) | <0.001 |
| Culture lesson, no | 1690 (53.6) | 104 (74.8) | 493 (71.4) | 124 (84.9) | <0.001 | 2178 (58.2) | 233 (60.5) | 0.383 |
| Using personal computer, no | 1939 (61.5) | 109 (78.4) | 526 (76.2) | 123 (84.2) | <0.001 | 2370 (63.4) | 327 (84.9) | <0.001 |
| Giving advice, no | 170 (5.4) | 11 (7.9) | 103 (14.9) | 43 (29.5) | <0.001 | 265 (7.1) | 62 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| Attending meetings in the community, no | 1381 (43.8) | 80 (57.6) | 423 (61.3) | 114 (78.1) | <0.001 | 1802 (48.2) | 196 (50.9) | 0.306 |
| Engaging in hobbies or sports activities, no | 602 (19.1) | 70 (50.4) | 294 (42.6) | 101 (69.2) | <0.001 | 906 (24.2) | 161 (41.8) | <0.001 |
| House cleaning, no | 365 (11.6) | 28 (20.1) | 89 (12.9) | 35 (24.0) | <0.001 | 454 (12.1) | 63 (16.4) | 0.017 |
| Fieldwork or gardening, no | 760 (24.1) | 41 (29.5) | 258 (37.4) | 71 (48.6) | <0.001 | 995 (26.6) | 135 (35.1) | <0.001 |
| Taking care of grandchildren or pets, no | 1312 (41.6) | 68 (48.9) | 370 (53.6) | 93 (63.7) | <0.001 | 1621 (43.3) | 222 (57.7) | <0.001 |
| Paid work, no | 2109 (66.9) | 107 (77.0) | 530 (76.8) | 120 (82.2) | <0.001 | 2550 (68.2) | 316 (82.1) | <0.001 |
Group R: Robust group, Group PhF: Physical frailty group, Group D: Depressive mood group, Group PF: Psychological frailty group.