Table 3.

Hazard ratios for disability according to frailty status and confounding factors.

	Model 1		Model 2
	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	p Value	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	p Value
Demographic variables
Age, years			1.14 (1.11–1.16)	<0.001
Sex, male			1.19 (0.89–1.60)	0.233
Education, years			0.93 (0.89–0.98)	0.004
Medication, n			1.08 (1.03–1.13)	0.002
Smoking, yes			1.26 (0.82–1.91)	0.289
Living alone, yes			1.08 (0.81–1.44)	0.613
Primary diseases or geriatric syndromes
Heart disease, yes			1.03 (0.79–1.33)	0.854
Pulmonary disease, yes			0.98 (0.72–1.34)	0.918
Hypertension, yes			1.05 (0.85–1.30)	0.647
Diabetes, yes			1.21 (0.92–1.60)	0.172
Osteoarthritis, yes			0.90 (0.69–1.18)	0.448
Fall history, yes			1.34 (1.05–1.72)	0.019
Lifestyle activity
Going out using the bus or train, no			1.22 (0.89–1.67)	0.222
Cash handling and banking, no			0.94 (0.65–1.36)	0.730
Driving a car, no			1.23 (0.95–1.61)	0.122
Using maps to go to unfamiliar places, no			1.18 (0.93–1.49)	0.179
Reading books or newspapers, no			1.03 (0.67–1.58)	0.894
Cognitive stimulation such as board games and learning, no			1.05 (0.82–1.34)	0.715
Culture lesson, no			0.73 (0.56–0.95)	0.018
Using a personal computer, no			1.21 (0.88–1.66)	0.253
Giving advice, no			1.20 (0.88–1.63)	0.261
Attending meetings in the community, no			0.80 (0.64–1.01)	0.058
Engaging in hobbies or sports activities, no			1.26 (0.97–1.64)	0.080
House cleaning, no			1.12 (0.82–1.52)	0.488
Fieldwork or gardening, no			1.28 (1.02–1.60)	0.033
Taking care of grandchildren or pets, no			1.07 (0.86–1.32)	0.573
Paid work, no			0.96 (0.72–1.27)	0.753
Frailty status
Robust	1		1
Physical frailty	5.66 (4.08–7.86)	<0.001	1.69 (1.16–2.46)	0.006
Depressive mood	1.67 (1.28–2.17)	<0.001	1.05 (0.79–1.39)	0.734
Psychological frailty	7.67 (5.71–10.30)	<0.001	2.24 (1.57–3.20)	<0.001