. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Glia. 2019 May 6;68(1):5–26. doi: 10.1002/glia.23632

Table 1.

System-like studies in astrocytes

Direction of experimental manipulation	Stimulation	Neural circuits	Readouts	References	Predicted canonical computations
BEHAVIOR ↓ ASTROCYTES	Sensory stimulation	Barrel cortex	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; LFP; local postsynaptic activity	(X. Wang et al., 2006)	• Filtering • Thresholding • State switching
		Barrel cortex	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; LFP; brain state	(Takata et al., 2011)^*
		Visual cortex	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; neuronal Ca²⁺; hemodynamic responses	(Schummers et al., 2008) (Stobart et al., 2018)
		Visual cortex	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; EPSP; IPSP; SIC; patch-clamp recordings; visual response selectivity	(Perea et al., 2016)^*	• Gain control
		Hippocampus	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; LTP; CA1 post-synaptic depolarization	(Navarrete et al., 2012)	• Thresholding • Coincidence detection • Gain control
	Neuromodulation	Cholinergic	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; LTP; CA1 post-synaptic depolarization	(Navarrete et al., 2012)	• Thresholding • Coincidence detection • Gain control
		Cholinergic	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; LFP; brain state	(Takata et al., 2011)^*	• Thresholding • Coincidence detection • Gain control • E/I balance
		Noradrenergic	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; EcoG	(Ding et al., 2013)
		Noradrenergic	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; locomotion; electromiography	(Paukert et al., 2014)
ASTROCYTES ↓ BEHAVIOR	Optogenetics	Cerebellum	Glutamate release; EPSP; LTD; motor behavior	(Sasaki et al., 2012)	• Gain control
		Somatosensory cortex	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; neuronal Ca²⁺; LFP; glutamate release; brain state	(Poskanzer & Yuste, 2016)	• Gain control • E/I balance • State switching
		Visual cortex	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; EPSP; IPSP; SIC; patch-clamp recordings; visual response selectivity	(Perea et al., 2016)^*	• Gain control
		Brain stem	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; ATP release; neuronal membrane potentials; EPSC; breathing	(Gourine et al., 2010)	• Gain control • Gain control • E/I balance
		Hypothalamus	Sleep	(Pelluru et al., 2016)
			Adenosine release; open-field behavior; food intake	(Sweeney et al., 2016)
			Astrocytic Ca²⁺; patch clamp recordings; IPSC; food intake	(Chen et al., 2016; L. Yang et al., 2015)
		Hippocampus	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; LTP; EPSC; memory acquisition; contextual and spatial memory	(Adamsky et al., 2018)
	Chemogenetics	Hippocampus		(Adamsky et al., 2018)
	Chemogenetics	Amygdala	Astrocytic Ca²⁺; IPSC; EPSC; fear-expression	(Martin-Fernandez et al., 2017)	• Gain control • E/I balance

LFP, Local field potentials, LTD, long-term depression, LTP, long-term potentiation, EPSP, excitatory postsynaptic potential, IPSP, inhibitory postsynaptic potential, ECoG, electrocorticogram recordings, SIC, slow inward currents

Belonging to more than one category