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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cornea. 2019 Dec;38(12):1554–1562. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000002017

Table 3.

Sex-related differences in the expression of gene ontologies (≥ 3 genes/ontology) in human and mouse MGs

Ontology Human Mouse
Female ↑ Male ↑ Female ↑ Male ↑
Biological processes 40 19 866 506
Molecular functions 6 9 150 164
Cellular contents 26 13 144 141

The number of biological process, molecular function and cellular component ontologies with a z-score ≥ 2.0 are listed. A z-score is a statistical rating of the relative expression of genes, and shows how much they are over- or under-represented in a specific gene list.23 Positive z scores reflect a higher number of genes meeting the criterion than is expected by chance, whereas negative z scores represent fewer genes meeting the criterion than expected by chance.23 Z-scores with values ≥ 2.0 or less than ≤ −2.0 are significant. Criteria for inclusion in this Table were an ontology containing ≥ 3 genes and a z-score ≥ 2.0. Most of the ontologies were different between males and females, but some (e.g. lipid metabolic ontologies) were upregulated in both sexes.