Table 2.

Summary of Regression Analysis and Bootstrap Analysis in the HRS and the ELSA

Regression Analysis			Bootstrap Analysisb
Variables	Hearing meana	Smoking	Alcohol	Physical activity	BMI	Memory	Direct effect of Personality Traitsc
HRS
Neuroticism	−.02	−.006(−.013; −.001)	.000(−.0008;.003)	−.013 (−.023;−.004)	−.000(−.002;.001)	−.015(−.025;−.006)	−.01
Extraversion	.02	.009 (.003;.018)	.001(−.001; .004)	.023(.007;.041)	.002(−.001;.006)	.011(.002;.021)	−.00
Openness	.03*	.004(−.002;.011)	.002(−.001;.005)	.016(.004;.028)	.000 (−.002;.002)	.020(.010;.031)	.01
Agreeableness	.03*	.007 (−.0003;.016)	−.0003(−.003;.002)	.006(.001;.013)	−.000(−.004;.001)	.009(−.001;.021)	.02
Conscientiousness	.05***	.012(.004;.022)	−.0006(−.004;.001)	.018(.004;.032)	.003(−.003;.011)	.024(.012;.038)	.03
ELSA
Neuroticism	−.03**	−.000(−.002; .002)	−.000(−.001;.001)	−.008(−.013;−.003)	.001(−.000;.004)	−.01(−.017;−.004)	−.02
Extraversion	.04***	.001 (−.001;.004)	.001(−.002;.004)	.020(.008;.032)	.002(.000;.006)	.005(−.001;.011)	.04**
Openness	.04**	−.002(−.005;.000)	.001(−.002;.005)	.011(.005;.018)	−.000(−.003;.001)	.009(.003;.016)	.03*
Agreeableness	−.01	−.000(−.004;.004)	−.001(−.005;.002)	.002(−.002;.006)	−.003(−.007;.000)	−.002(−.009;.005)	−.01
Conscientiousness	.06***	.003(.000;.006)	−.000(−.003;.0009)	.017(.007;.028)	.005(−.0001;.012)	.007(.0001;.014)	.04***

Note.

^*p<.05,

^**p<.01,

^***p< .001

^aRegression analysis controlling for age, sex, education and race. HRS: N= 4037; ELSA: N= 6092. Coefficients are standardized regression coefficient

^bBootstrap estimates and 95% bias-corrected confidence interval for indirect effects of personality traits on hearing through alcohol, smoking, physical activity, BMI and memory, controlling for age, sex, education and race. HRS: N= 3635; ELSA: N= 4955

^cDirect effect is calculated with adjustment for mediators, age, sex, education, and race; Coefficients are standardized regression coefficient