Table 1.
Prevalence and adjusted relative odds of HIV-related behaviors by reported adverse childhood experience among adolescents in Malawi aged 10-16 (N=2085)
| Adverse Childhood Experiences | Sexual Debut | HIV testing | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean | SD | n | % | Model 1 aOR (95% CI) |
n | % | Model 1 aOR (95% CI) |
||||
| Cumulative ACEs | |||||||||||
| Continuous score (0-13) | 5.12 | 2.35 | 1.13 (1.07-1.20) | 1.10 (1.04-1.16) | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | Model 2 aOR (95% CI) |
Model 3 aOR (95% CI) |
n | % | Model 2 aOR (95% CI) |
Model 3 aOR (95% CI) |
Model 4 aOR (95% CI) |
|
| Individual Abuse & Neglect | |||||||||||
| Emotional neglect | 1792 | 86 | 421 | 24 | 1.56 (1.02-2.36) | 1.27 (0.83-1.95) | 360 | 20 | 1.30 (0.92-1.82) | 1.11 (0.78-1.57) | 1.11 (0.78-1.57) |
| Emotional abuse | 1105 | 53 | 283 | 26 | 1.07 (0.83-1.38) | 0.67 (0.49-0.92) | 209 | 19 | 1.12 (0.87-1.43) | 0.79 (0.58-1.06) | 0.79 (0.58-1.06) |
| Physical neglect | 677 | 32 | 160 | 24 | 1.44 (1.11-1.87) | 1.08 (0.80-1.45) | 146 | 22 | 1.16 (0.91-1.48) | 0.90 (0.68-1.20) | 0.90 (0.68-1.20) |
| Physical abuse | 1110 | 53 | 254 | 23 | 1.09 (0.86-1.39) | 0.74 (0.56-0.98) | 194 | 17 | 0.82 (0.65-1.03) | 0.55 (0.42-0.72) | 0.55 (0.42-0.72) |
| Sexual abuse | 136 | 7 | 69 | 51 | 4.21 (2.74-6.48) | 3.44 (2.15-5.48) | 42 | 31 | 1.51 (1.02-2.22) | 1.12 (0.73-1.72) | 1.12 (0.73-1.72) |
| Family Dysfunction | |||||||||||
| Substance abuser in household | 467 | 22 | 122 | 26 | 1.28 (0.97-1.68) | 0.92 (0.67-1.27) | 115 | 25 | 1.62 (1.23-2.11) | 1.37 (1.01-1.86) | 1.37 (1.01-1.86) |
| Someone in the household with mental health issues | 137 | 7 | 33 | 24 | 1.29 (0.82-2.02) | 0.91 (0.56-1.47) | 38 | 28 | 1.48 (0.99-2.22) | 1.18 (0.77-1.79) | 1.18 (0.77-1.79) |
| Incarcerated household member | 269 | 13 | 71 | 26 | 1.08 (0.77-1.52) | 0.76 (0.53-1.10) | 75 | 28 | 1.79 (1.29-2.48) | 1.51 (1.06-2.14) | 1.50 (1.05-2.13) |
| Domestic violence | 1231 | 59 | 291 | 24 | 1.28 (1.00-1.63) | 0.83 (0.61-1.13) | 248 | 20 | 1.15 (0.91-1.46) | 0.80 (0.58-1.09) | 0.80 (0.58-1.09) |
| Parents dead or divorced | 1057 | 51 | 266 | 25 | 1.30 (1.02-1.65) | 1.01 (0.77-1.33) | 237 | 22 | 1.43 (1.12-1.81) | 1.24 (0.96-1.60) | 1.24 (0.96-1.60) |
| Peer | |||||||||||
| Bullied | 654 | 31 | 188 | 29 | 1.62 (1.26-2.07) | 1.23 (0.92-1.65) | 141 | 22 | 1.25 (0.97-1.60) | 0.93 (0.68-1.26) | 0.93 (0.68-1.26) |
| Community | |||||||||||
| Community violence | 1842 | 88 | 439 | 24 | 1.77 (1.04-3.00) | 1.30 (0.76-2.23) | 374 | 20 | 1.59 (1.06-2.39) | 1.28 (0.84-1.96) | 1.28 (0.84-1.96) |
| Collective violence | 186 | 9 | 65 | 35 | 1.68 (1.15-2.47) | 1.22 (0.82-1.83) | 48 | 26 | 1.67 (1.17-2.40) | 1.30 (0.88-1.93) | 1.30 (0.88-1.93) |
Note: Models 1-4 control for age, gender, SES and region. Model 2 runs separate multivariate logistic regressions for each type of adversity. Model 3 builds off Model 2 but with an additional control for the continuous ACE score. Model 4 further controls for sexual debut. Bolded values represent those that are statistically significant (<0.05).