| PAL | phenylalanine ammonialyase |
| C4L | cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase |
| 4CL | 4-coumarate:CoA ligase |
| CHS | chalconesynthase |
| CHI | chalconeisomerase |
| F3H | flavanone 3-hydroxylase |
| F3′H | flavonoids 3′-hydroxylase |
| DFR | dihydrofavonol 4-reductase |
| ANS | anthocyanin synthase |
| UFGT | UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase |
| 3AT | anthocyanin 3-O-acyltransferases |
| qRT-PCR | quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction |
| SD | standard deviation |
| UPLC-QTOF-MS | ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry |
| UPLC-DAD | ultra-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection |
| FW | fresh weight |