Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of assay techniques for BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) seroreactivity.

Technique Requirement	Advantages	Disadvantages	Time
Enzyme Immunoassay	Small quantities of sample required Versatile and customizable Inexpensive once set up	Can only measure one analyte at a time Cross-reactivity Relatively expensive initial investment Time consuming Elevated risk of error when testing a large number of samples	2 days (if wells are coated with antigen overnight)
Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay	Highly specific	Technically demanding Cannot distinguish between antibody classes Requires either intact virions or VLPs	1 day
Multiplex Assay	Simultaneous detection of multiple antigens High speed and dynamic range Customizable Reduced workflow	Expensive especially if a small number of antigens is analyzed Specialized equipment and analysis software are not available in most clinical settings Lack of normalization	Around 2 days (if beads are prepared in advance)
Neutralization Inhibition Assay	Highly Specific Measures neutralizing antibodies	Can only be used with PsV or viruses that can be grown Technically demanding Very time-consuming	Around 5 days