Table 2.

An overview of the different research studies pertaining to the involvement of pre-transplant BKPyV serology testing in post-transplantation BKPyV infection.

Authors	Year	Number of Patients	Type of Assay and BKV Antigen	Conclusions from the Study
Solis et al. [50]	2018	168 KTR + 69 donors	Neutralization assay using pseudovirion system (BKPyV genotypes I, II, and IV)	Recipients with high neutralizing antibody titer have a lower risk for developing BKPyV viremia
Abend et al. [23]	2016	116 donor-recipient pairs	Neutralization inhibition assay using BKPyV particles (serotypes I, II, III, and IV) VLP-based ELISA to detect antibodies against BKPyV serotype I	Donor with significant serum neutralizing activity is associated with elevated risk for BKPyV viremia regardless of recipient serostatus
Wunderink et al. [5]	2016	407 donor-recipient pairs	Luminex assay detecting IgG reactivity against BKPyV Ib1 VP1 protein. n = 396 reanalyzed by VP1 VLPs-based ELISA to detect antibodies against BKPyV genotype Ib2	Donor BKPyV IgG levels were strongly associated with the occurrence of recipient viremia and BKPyVAN
Sood et al. [54]	2013	192 adult and 11 pediatric donor-recipient pairs	BKPyV VLPs-based ELISA to detect human IgG Antibodies	Infection was highest in the Donor+/Recipient− group and lowest in the Donor−/Recipient− group
Ali et al. [52]	2011	36 pediatric KTRs + donors	BKPyV VP1 VLPs-based indirect ELISA to detect human IgG antibodies	Low BKPyV serostatus in children is associated with a high risk of post-transplantation BKPyV viremia, particularly in the context of donor with high BKPyV serostatus
Bijol et al. [55]	2010	45 pediatric KTRs	BKPyV VLPs-based ELISA to detect human IgG antibodies	Positive recipient BKPyV serostatus did not confer protection to BKV after transplantation
Bohl et al. [56]	2008	87 KTRs	BKPyV VP1 VLPs-based ELISA to detect human IgG Antibodies	Pre-transplant seropositivity did not protect against sustained BKPyV viremia but it might mitigate the severity of infection
Bohl et al. [51]	2005	142 recipients and 84 donors	BKPyV VP1 VLPs-based ELISA to detect human IgG Antibodies	BKPyV infection in the recipient was strongly associated with a positive BKPyV donor antibody status
Smith et al. [57]	2004	173 pediatric KTRs	BKPyV VP1 VLPs-based indirect ELISA to detect human IgG Antibodies	Recipient seronegativity for BKPyV was significantly associated with the development of BKPyVAN
Hirsch et al. [15]	2002	77 KTRs	Hemagglutination inhibition assay	The high-risk group is not the seropositive donor and seronegative recipient transplant combination
Flegstad et al. [58]	1991	10 KTRs	Neutralization inhibition assay Hemagglutination inhibition assay IgG, IgA, and IgM ELISA	Positive recipient BKPyV serostatus did not confer protection to BKPyV after transplantation Children with BK nephritis demonstrated lower pretransplant antibodies levels when compared to control groups (no infection)
Andrews et al. [53]	1988	496 donor-recipient pairs	Hemagglutination inhibition assay	A seropositive donor increased the rate of primary and reactivation infections with BKPyV