Table 3.
Multilevel logistic regression analysis of level-1 and level-2 demographic health factors associated with CS, 2016EDHS
| Covariates | Model_1 AOR (95%CI) |
Model_2 AOR (95%CI) |
Model_3 AOR (95%CI) |
Model_4 AOR (95%CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education level (not educated) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Primary | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | ||
| Secondary | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | ||
| Higher | 1.10 (1.07, 1.12)* | 1.09 (1.07, 1.12)* | ||
| Birth order | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | ||
| Preceding birth interval | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)* | 1.00 (1.00. 1.00)* | ||
| Child is twin (single) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Multiple | 1.11 (1.08, 1.15)* | 1.11 (1.08, 1.15)* | ||
| Place of delivery (home) | 1 | |||
| Government institution | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05)* | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05)* | ||
| Private Institution | 1.29 (1.26,1.33)* | 1.29 (1.25, 1.32)* | ||
| NGO Institution | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12)* | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12)* | ||
| History of abortion (no) | ||||
| Yes | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | ||
| ANC (≤ 3) | ||||
| >3 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | ||
| Size of child (large) | ||||
| Medium | 0.99 (0.98, 0.99)* | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00)* | ||
| Small | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | ||
| Parity (1) | ||||
| [2–5] | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99)* | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99)* | ||
| >5 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | ||
| Anemic status (sever) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Moderate | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | ||
| Mild | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) | ||
| Not anemic | 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | ||
| Household wealth index (poorest) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Poorer | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | ||
| Middle | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.97, 0.99)* | ||
| Richer | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99)* | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99)* | ||
| Richest | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | ||
| Residance (Urban) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rural | 0.93 (0.91, 0.94)* | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99)* | ||
| Region (Tigray) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Afar | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.98,1.05) | ||
| Amhara | 0.99 (0.98, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.99,1.02) | ||
| Oromia | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 1.02 (1.00,1.03) | ||
| Somali | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99)* | 1.01 (0.99,1.03) | ||
| Benshangul | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98,1.02) | ||
| SNNP | 1.005 (0.98, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.99,1.03) | ||
| Gambella | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99)* | 1.02 (1.01,1.04)* | ||
| Hareri | 1.07 (1.05, 1.09)* | 0.98 (0.96,0.99)* | ||
| Addis Abeba | 1.14 (1.11, 1.18)* | 1.06 (1.04,1.09)* | ||
| Dire Dewa | 1.03 (1.004, 1.05)* | 1.08 (1.06,1.11)* | ||
| Communities variance (se) | 1.064 (0.602) | 1.001 (0.17) | 1.038 (0.037) | 1.002 (0.17) |
| ICC | 24.44% | 23.33% | 23.98% | 23.35% |
| PCV | Ref | 5.92% | 3.7% | 3.5% |
| Model fit | ||||
| log likelihood | 2169.56 | 2540.081 | 2268.38 | 2559.534 |
| AIC | −4333.119 | − 5030.163 | − 4510.76 | − 5051.068 |
*Significant at P-value < 0.05