Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of LION study participants
| N | Total | Intervention group | Control group | p-values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General information | |||||
| Teams, N | 27 | 17 | 10 | ||
| Nurses, N | 138 | 82 | 56 | ||
| Patient characteristics | |||||
| Patients, N | 244 | 140 | 104 | ||
| Age, mean ± SD, years | 240 | 46.1 ± 10.8 | 44.3 ± 10.9 | 48.6 ± 10.2 | .002 |
| Male sex, N (%) | 120 (49.2) | 66 (47.1) | 54 (51.9) | .46 | |
| Housing, N | 240 | .38 | |||
| F-ACT teams (patients) | 19 (193) | 12 (108) | 7 (85) | ||
| Sheltered living teams (patients) | 8 (51) | 5 (32) | 3 (19) | ||
| Years since first contact MH organisation, mean ± SD, years | 220 | 17.0 ± 11.0 | 15.6 ± 11.3 | 19.0 ± 10.3 | .021 |
| Adiposity | |||||
| Waist circumference, mean ± SD, cm | |||||
| - male | 114 | 111.3 ± 12.7 | 112.3 ± 14.2 | 110.0 ± 10.7 | .32 |
| - female | 116 | 110.2 ± 16.3 | 111.9 ± 17.0 | 107.8 ± 15.0 | .18 |
| Body Mass Index (BMI), mean ± SD, kg/m2 | 233 | 32.0 ± 6.4 | 32.7 ± 7.2 | 31.1 ± 5.1 | .045 |
| BMI categories, N (%): | 233 | .36 | |||
| Normal (BMI < 25) | 21 (9.0) | 11 (8.3) | 10 (10.0) | ||
| Overweight (25 ≤ BMI < 30) | 81 (34.8) | 44 (33.1) | 37 (37.0) | ||
| Obese I (30 ≤ BMI < 35) | 70 (30.0) | 40 (30.1) | 30 (30.0) | ||
| Obese II (35 ≤ BMI < 40) | 36 (15.5) | 19 (14.3) | 17 (17.0) | ||
| Obese III (BMI ≥40) | 25 (10.7) | 19 (14.3) | 6 (6.0) | ||
| Blood pressure (BP), mean ± SD, mmHG | |||||
| Systolic BP | 230 | 133.1 ± 17.0 | 132.9 ± 17.3 | 133.4 ± 16.7 | .82 |
| Diastolic BP | 227 | 84.1 ± 10.5 | 85.0 ± 10.5 | 82.9 ± 10.5 | .15 |
| Use of BP lowering medication, No. (%) | 171 | 45 (26.3) | 21 (22.1) | 24 (31.6) | .16 |
| Lipids | |||||
| Total cholesterol, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 199 | 5.08 ± 1.11 | 5.17 ± 1.05 | 4.96 ± 1.18 | .20 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mean ± SD, mmol/L | |||||
| - male | 107 | 1.03 ± 0.23 | 1.01 ± 0.23 | 1.05 ± 0.22 | .38 |
| - female | 103 | 1.36 ± 0.47 | 1.35 ± 0.53 | 1.36 ± 0.37 | .95 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mean ± SD, mmol/L | 196 | 3.07 ± 0.94 | 3.09 ± 0.88 | 3.05 ± 1.02 | .75 |
| Triglycerides, median [25-75th %], mmol/L | 94 | 1.73 [1.08; 2.41] | 1.68 [1.03; 2.53] | 1.76 [1.22; 2.15] | .90 |
| Use of lipid lowering medication, No. (%) | 171 | 45 (26.3) | 22 (22.7) | 23 (31.1) | .22 |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||
| Fasting glucose, median [25-75th %], mmol/L | 93 | 6.0 [5.4; 7.0] | 5.7 [5.3; 7.0] | 6.2 [5.7; 7.0] | .09 |
| HbA1c, median [25-75th %], (%) | 190 | 36.0 [33.3; 41.0] | 36.0 [33.0; 39.0] | 38.0 [34.0; 44.0] | .009 |
| Diagnosis of diabetesb | 235 | 73 (31.1) | 36 (27.1) | 37 (36.3) | .13 |
| Use of glucose lowering medication, N (%) | 162 | 37 (22.8) | 17 (18.5) | 20 (28.6) | .13 |
| Metabolic syndrome, N (%) | 84 | 56 (66.7) | 25 (56.8) | 31 (77.5) | .37 |
| Metabolic syndrome Z-scorea, mean ± SD, SD | 84 | 0.65 ± 0.92 | 0.61 ± 0.96 | 0.69 ± 0.88 | .68 |
| Psychiatric characteristics | |||||
| Psychiatric diagnosis, N (%) | 243 | ||||
| Psychotic disorder | 140 (57.6) | 86 (61.4) | 54 (52.5) | .16 | |
| Mood disorder | 68 (28.0) | 36 (25.7) | 32 (31.1) | .36 | |
| Personality disorder | 64 (26.3) | 34 (24.3) | 30 (29.1) | .40 | |
| Anxiety disorder | 33 (13.6) | 18 (12.9) | 15 (14.6) | .70 | |
| Psychiatric comorbidityc, N (%) | 243 | 75 (30.9) | 40 (28.6) | 35 (34.0) | .37 |
| Use of antipsychotics, N (%) | 217 | 187 (86.2) | 108 (87.8) | 79 (84.0) | .43 |
| Antipsychotic medication based on metabolic side effectd, N (%) | 224 | .74 | |||
| No effect | 71 (31.7) | 42 (33.1) | 29 (29.9) | ||
| Medium effect | 76 (33.9) | 44 (34.6) | 32 (33.0) | ||
| High effect | 77 (31.7) | 41 (32.3) | 36 (37.1) | ||
| Smoking, yes, N (%) | 198 | 110 (55.6) | 60 (55.6) | 50 (55.6) | .99 |
| Stage of changee, N (%) | |||||
| Dietary behaviour | 209 | .13 | |||
| Pre-contemplation phase | 11 (5.3) | 5 (4.3) | 6 (6.5) | ||
| Contemplation phase | 51 (24.4) | 29 (24.8) | 22 (23.9) | ||
| Preparation phase | 56 (26.8) | 39 (33.3) | 17 (18.5) | ||
| Action phase | 21 (10.0) | 11 (9.4) | 10 (10.9) | ||
| Maintenance phase | 70 (33.5) | 33 (28.2) | 37 (40.2) | ||
| Physical activity behaviour | 201 | .00 | |||
| Pre-contemplation phase | 29 (14.4) | 12 (11.0) | 17 (18.5) | ||
| Contemplation phase | 49 (24.4) | 36 (33.0) | 13 (14.1) | ||
| Preparation phase | 43 (21.4) | 29 (26.6) | 14 (15.2) | ||
| Action phase | 18 (9.0) | 10 (9.2) | 8 (8.7) | ||
| Maintenance phase | 62 (30.8) | 22 (20.2) | 40 (43.5) | ||
Note: SI conversion factors: to convert total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol to mg/dL, divide values by 0.0259; to convert triglycerides to mg/dL, divide values by 0.0113; to convert fasting glucose to mg/dL, divide values by 0.0555. Baseline differences were tested with Student’s T, Mann Whitney U or Chi square tests. Bold p-values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level
a The means and standard deviations (SD) of the patients ranging within healthy reference values were used to standardize HDL-C (1.1–2.0 mmol/L in female and 0.9–1.7 mmol/L in male patients), triglycerides (≤ 2.2 mmol/L) and fasting glucose (≤ 7.1 mmol/L) or HbA1c (< 8.0%)
b Diabetes was defined based on reported diagnosis of diabetes, use of antihyperglycemic medication, fasting glucose ≥7.1 mmol/L or HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol
c Two or more of the defined diagnoses
d If no antipsychotic medication was used, this was categorized as the no effect group
e Pre-contemplation phase ‘I am eating (a little bit) unhealthily and do not intend to eat healthily in six months’; Contemplation phase ‘I am eating (a little bit) unhealthily and intend to eat healthily in six months’; Preparation phase ‘I am eating (a little bit) unhealthily and intend to eat healthily in one month’; Action phase ‘I have eaten healthily for less than six months’; Maintenance phase ‘I have eaten healthily for more than six months’. For stage of change for physical activity behaviour, eating was replaced by activity (e.g. ‘My activity is (a little bit) unhealthy and I do not intend to act healthily in six months’, etc.)